b. Election of Rudolph of Hapsburg and his conquest of Austria.
c. The Golden Bull, 1347.
d. Title hereditary in Austrian House, 1438-1806.
4. Italy.
a. Beginning of the Renaissance.
b. The five great States.
c. Claims of France and Spain.
II. The New States.
1. Spain.
a. Rise of the Christian kingdoms and struggles against the Moors.