b. Union of Castile and Aragon and fall of Granada.
c. Spain in the new world.
d. Maximilian’s marriages.
2. The Ottoman Turks.
a. Appearance in time of the Crusades.
b. Invasions of Europe.
c. Conquest of Constantinople, 1453.
3. Switzerland—struggle for independence.
4. The Baltic States.
a. The Union of Calmar, 1397.