b. Independence of Sweden.—Gustavus Vasa.
It will be noted that new material is presented in this connection, as, for example, in the case of all the new powers, and also to some extent in the treatment of Germany and Italy.
Bibliography.
The text-book will probably furnish adequate material not only for the Hundred Years’ War itself, but for the gradual development of France and England in the years preceding the struggle. Lodge, in the preface to “The Close of the Middle Ages,” states some of the problems involved in a study of the period. In his concluding chapter he attempts to characterize the Middle Ages and show their relation to the Renaissance. Seignobos’ “History of Medieval and Modern Civilization” contains two well-written chapters on “The End of the Middle Ages and the Establishment of Absolute Power in Europe” (chapters xv-xvi). Summaries of the political situation at the close of the Middle Ages are to be found in most of the text-books. Chapter xxiii in Robinson, “Western Europe,” portrays conditions at the beginning of the sixteenth century. In the source books of Thatcher and McNeal, of Robinson and of Ogg are found extracts illustrating the history of the papacy during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The former marshals all the important documents together in a section entitled “The Church. 1250-1500.” Robinson’s selections are perhaps as useful as any for the light they throw on the reform movement. Froissart’s “Chronicles,” furnish abundant material on the Hundred Years’ War.
Ancient History in the Secondary School
WILLIAM FAIRLEY, Ph.D., Editor.
SPARTA, ATHENS, THE PERSIAN WARS.