13. The Schleswig-Holstein courant, mark of fine silver = 11 9⁄16 thaler, or 34 11⁄16 marks.
Gold Standards.
1. Imperial or ducat standard. The Imperial Mint Ordinance of 1559 contains the first mention of the ducat in German legislation, prescribing it 67 to the mark, 23 1⁄2-carat fine. Subsequently the standard varied slightly. Austria minted them 23 carat 8 grs. for herself (kaiserlichen), at 23 carat 9 grs. for Hungary (kremnitzer). The other German states approximated between a 23-carat
6 grs. and a 23-carat 8 grs. standard. Baden struck ducats 22 carat 6 grs. fine, 63.697 to the mark.
2. The Pistole standard (Friedrichs d'or, August d'or, Wilhelms d'or, Carls d'or, or generally, Louis d'or), mostly in the Northern States of Denmark, mostly 35 1⁄6 to the mark, 21 1⁄2 carats fine, though with considerable variations (e.g. the Saxon august d'or, 35 to the mark, 21 carats 8 grs. fine. In Bremen this was the legal currency, the louis d'or being taken at 5 thalers at 72 groot, each groot at 5 schwaren). For a considerable period, far into the present century, the merchants of Mecklenburg, Hanover, and Brunswick kept their accounts in gold pistoles (= 5 thalers). Prussia (as above, p. [382]) fixed the pistole at 5 2⁄3 thalers, but elsewhere it had a varying (mercantile) equivalence.
3. The gold gulden standard. The last of the three Imperial Mint Ordinances (1559) prescribed gold gulden 72 to the mark, 18 1⁄2 carat fine. They continued to be coined in Southern German states and in Hanover up to the middle of the eighteenth century.
TABLE OF THE GOLD COINS OF GERMANY—GULDEN, DUCAT, AND FRIEDRICHS D'OR.
| Year. | Tale to the Cologne Mark. | Standard. | Value of the Piece as expressed in Coin of the 20-Florin Standard. |
|---|
| | Kar. | Grs. | Fl. | Kr. | Pfge. |
| 1252— | | | |
| Florentine florin or gold gulden (64 to the Florence mark) | 44 3⁄8 | 24 | 0 | 6 | 22 | 3 405⁄2911 |
| 1371— | | | |
| Gold gulden of Cune, Archbishop of Treves, Wenceslaus of Bohemia | 66 | 23 | 0 | 4 | 6 | 2 434⁄781 |
| | (and 1 | 0 of silver) | |
| 1386 and 1399— | | | |
| Gold gulden of the Rhenish Princes. Adopted by Rupert II. in 1402 | 66 | 22 | 6 | 4 | 1 | 1 85⁄781 |
| | (and 1 | 6 of silver) | |
| 1409— | | | |
| The gulden of the three Spiritual Electors (adopted in the same year by the Netherlands at Speyer, and by the States of the Empire at Cologne) | 66 | 22 | 0 | 3 | 55 | 3 517⁄721 |
| 1419— | | | |
| Gold Gulden of Elector Frederick of Brandenburg (66 to the Nürnberg mark) | 64 1⁄2 | 19 | 0 | 3 | 28 | 1 2851⁄3053 |
| 1422— | | | |
| Gold gulden of King Sigismund (68 to the Nürnberg mark) | 66 1⁄2 | 22 | 6 | 3 | 59 | 1 8049⁄3052 |
| 1428 and 1429— | | | |
| Gold gulden of Emperor Sigismund (confirmed at Frankfort and Nürnberg, 1433, 1438, and 1442) | 68 | 19 | 0 | 3 | 17 | 3 18⁄1207 |
| 1438— | | | |
| Gold gulden of the Elector of Mainz, | 67 | 19 | 0 | 3 | 20 | 2 3886⁄4757 |
| 1442— | | | |
| Gold gulden of Emperor Frederick IV. | 72 | 19 | 0 | 3 | 6 | 3 14⁄213 |
| 1477— | | | |
| Gold gulden as adopted by agreement of several Electoral Princes at Frankfort | 68 2⁄3 | 19 | 0 | 3 | 15 | 3 2421⁄7313 |
| 69 1⁄3 | 18 | 10 | 3 | 12 | 0 3669⁄3692 |
| 1495 and 1497— | | | |
| Gold gulden as adopted at Worms, and in 1498 at Lindau and Freiburg | 71 1⁄3 | 18 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 2 3104⁄15194 |
| 1506— | | | |
| Gold gulden as by treaty between Bamberg, Würzburg, and Brandenburg | 71 1⁄3 | 18 | 6 | 3 | 6 | 0 132⁄7597 |
| | (and 3 | 6 of silver) | |
| 1509— | | | |
| Gold gulden adopted by the Reichstag at Frankfort | 71 1⁄3 | 18 | 6 | 3 | 6 | 1 3185⁄7597 |
| | (and 4 | 0 of silver) | |
| 1524— | | | |
| Gold gulden as determined by the Imperial Mint Ordinance of Charles V. at Esslingen | 89 | 22 | 0 | 2 | 54 | 3 5019⁄6319 |
| 1551— | | | |
| Gold gulden as determined by the Imperial Mint Ordinance of Charles V. at Augsburg | 71 1⁄3 | 18 | 6 | 3 | 6 | 0 3682⁄7597 |
| | (and 3 | 8 of silver) | |
| 1559— | | | |
| Gold gulden as determined by the Imperial Mint Ordinance of Ferdinand I. | 72 | 18 | 6 | 3 | 4 | 1 2267⁄3834 |
| | (and 3 | 8 of silver) | |
| Gold ducat (ibid.) | 67 | 23 2⁄3 | (10 = 1 fl. 44 kr.) |