‘Edwin worked for wages, or strolled along by the stream.’
The Stead Case.
‘John was in the field or at the church.’
The Tool.
‘Alfred wrote with a pen.’
‘The bird flew before, behind, over, under, above, below, by, around, or through the gate-turret,’ which is the way-mark of flew.
There is a Source-mark which is a source of the time-taking, not as being only that thing, but as being a thing then in some shape or kind of time-taking.
‘(a) The wind being against us, (b) we made but little way.’ a is the source of b, ‘we made but little way,’ not from the wind simply as wind, but as also being against us.
‘You being my leader, I shall overcome.’
This is commonly called the absolute case (allfree case); though the wind is not free of a time-taking (being against us). It may be called the ‘thing-so-being’ case.