Psychology: Briefer Course

by William James

influence in association, [262]
Introspection, [118]
Janet, [211], [212], [301]
Jackson, Hughlings, [105], [117]
Joints, their sensibility, [74]
Kadinsky, [330]
Knowledge, theory of, [2], [464], [467];
two kinds of, [14]
König, [46]
Krishaber, [208]
Labyrinth, [47], [49-52]
Lange, K., [329]
Laws, cerebral, of association, [255]
Law, Weber's, [17];
—, Fechner's [21];
—, of relativity, [24]
Lazarus, [300], [323]
Lenticular nucleus, [81]
Lewes, [11], [232], [326]
Likeness, [243], [364]
Lindsay, Dr., [413]
Localization of Functions in the hemispheres, [104] ff.
Localization, Skin, [61]
Locations, in environment, [340];
serial order of, [341]
Locke, [244], [302], [357]
Lockean School, [157]
Locomotion, instinct of, [406]
Lombard, [131]
Longituditional fissure, [84]
Lotze, [175]
Love, [407]
Lower Centres, of frogs and pigeons, [95] ff.
Ludwig, [130]
Mach, [75]
Mamillary bodies, [84]
Man's intellectual distinction from brutes, [367]
Mantegazza, [390]
Martin, [40], [44], [45], [49], [52], [53], [60], [61], [65], [69]
Martineau, [251]
Materialism and emotion, [380]
Matteuci, [120]
Maudsley, [138]
Measurement, of sensations, [22];
of space, [342]
'Mediumships,' [212]
Medulla oblongata, [84], [108]
Memory, [Chapter XVIII];
hemispheres physical seat of, [98];
defined, [287];
analysis of the phenomenon of memory, [287] ff.;
return of a mental image is not memory, [289];
association explains recall and retention, [289];
brain-scheme of, [291];
conditions of good memory, [292];
multiple associations favor, [294];
effects of cramming on, [295];
how to improve memory, [298];
recognition, [299];
forgetting, [300];
hypnotics, [301]
Mental blindness, [112]
Mental images, [14]
Mental operations, simultaneous, [219]
Mental states, cannot fuse, [197];
relation of, to their objects, [464]
Merkel, [59], [66]
Metaphysics, what the word means, [461]
Meyer, G. H., [308], [311]
Meynert, [105], [117]
Mill, James, [196], [276], [289]
Mill, J. S., [147], [157]
Mimicry, [406]
Mind depends on brain conditions, [3-7];
states of, their relation to their objects, [464];
see Consciousness
Modesty, [407]
Monistic theories of consciousness, [462]
Morgan, Lloyd, [368]
Mosso, [130], [131]
Motion, sensations of, [Chapter VI], [70] ff.;
feeling of motion over surfaces, [70]
Motor aphasia, [108]
Motor region of cortex, [106]
Motor type of imagination, [307]
Movement, consciousness and, II, [Chapter I];
images of movement, [307];
all consciousness is motor, [370]
Munk, [110]
Münsterberg, [23], [311]
Muscular sensation, [65] ff.;
relations to space, [66], [74];
muscular centre in cortex, [106]
Mussey, Dr., [440]
Naunyn, [115]
Nerve-currents, [9]
Nervous discharge, [120]
Nerve-endings in the skin, [60];
in muscles and tendons, [66-67];
Pain, [67] ff.;
nerve-centres, [92]
Nerves, general functions of, [91] ff.
Neural activity, general conditions of, [Chapter IX], [120];
nervous discharge, [120]
Neural functions, general idea of, [91]
Neural process, in habit, [134] ff.;
in association, [255] ff.;
in memory, [291];
in imagination, [310];
in perception, [329]
Nucleus lenticularis, [81], [108];
caudatus, [81], [108]
Object, the, of sensation, [13-15];
of thought, [154], [163];
one part of, more interesting than another, [170];
object must change to hold attention, [226];
objects as signs and as realities, [345];
relation of states of mind to their object, [464]
Occipitel lobes, seat of visual centre, [110]
Old-fogyism vs. genius, [327]
Olfactory lobes, [82], [84]
Olivary bodies, [85]
Optic nerve, [82], [89]
Optic tracts, [84]
Original force, effort feels like one, [442]
Overtones, [55]
Pain, [67] ff.;
pain and pleasure as springs of action, [444]
Pascal, [223]
Past time, known in a present feeling, [285];
the immediate past is a portion of the present duration-block, [280]
Paulhan, [219], [220]
Pedagogic remarks on habit, [142];
on attention, [236]
Peduncles, [84], [85], [86]
Perception, [Chapter XX];
compared with sensation, [312];
involves reproductive processes, [312];
the perceptive state of mind is not a compound, [313];
perception is of definite and probable things, [316];
illusory perceptions, [317];
physiological process of perception, [329]
Perception of Space, [Chapter XXI]
Perez, M., [408]
Personal Identity, [201];
mutations of, [205] ff.;
alternating personality, [205] ff.
Personality, alterations of, [205] ff.
Philosophy, Psychology and, Epilogue, [461]
Phosphorus and thought, [132]
Pia mater, [82]
Pigeons' lower centres, [96]
Pitch, [54]
Pituitary body, [82], [89]
Place, a series of positions, [341]
Plasticity, as basis of habit, defined, [135]
Plato, [240]
Play, [407]
Pleasure, and pain, as springs of action, [444]
Psychology and Philosophy, Epilogue, [461]
Pons Varolii, [79], [84], [108]
Positions, place a series of, [341]
Practice, improves discrimination, [252]
Present, the present moment, [280]
Pressure sense, [60]
Preyer, [406]
Probability determines what object shall be perceived, [316], [329]
Problematic conceptions, [240]
Problems, solution of, [272]
Projection of sensations, eccentric, [15]
Psychology, defined, [1];
a natural science, [2];
what data it assumes, [2];
Psychology and Philosophy, Chapter XXVII
Psycho-physic law, [17], [24], [46], [59], [66], [67]
Pugnacity, [406]
Purkinje, [75]
Pyramids, [85]
Quality, [13], [23], [25], [56]
Raehlmann, [349]
Rationality, [173]
Reaction-time, [120] ff.
Real magnitude, determined by æsthetic and practical interests, [344]
Real space, [337]
Reason, [254]
Reasoning, [Chapter XXIII];
what it is, [351];
involves use of abstract characters, [353];
what is meant by an essential character, [354];
the essence is always for a subjective interest, [358];
two great points in reasoning, [360];
sagacity, [362];
help from association by similarity, [364];
reasoning power of brutes, [367]
Recall, [289]
Recency, determines association, [264]
'Recepts,' [368]
Recognition, [299]
Recollection, [289] ff.
Redintegration, [264]
Reflex acts, defined, [92];
reaction-time measures one, [123];
concatenated habits are constituted by a chain of, [140]
Reid, [313]
Relations, between objects, [162];
feelings of, [162]
'Relativity of knowledge,' [24]
Reproduction in memory, [289] ff.;
voluntary, [271]
Resemblance, [243]
Retention in memory, [289]
Retentiveness, organic, [291];
it is unchangeable, [296]
Retina, peripheral parts of, act as sentinels, [73]
Revival in memory, [289] ff.
Ribot, [300]
Richet, [410]
Rivalry of selves, [186]
Robertson, Prof. Croom, [318]
Rolando, fissure of, [106]
Romanes, [128], [322], [367]
Rosenthal, [11]
Rousseau, [148]
Rotation, sense of, [75]
Sagacity, [362]
Sameness, [201], [202]
Schaefer, [107], [110], [118]
Schiff, [131]
Schneider, [72], [372], [392]
Science, natural, [1]
Scott, Prof., [311]
Sea-sickness, accidental origin, [390]
Seat of consciousness, [5]
Selection, [10];
a cardinal function of consciousness, [170]
Self, The, [Chapter XII];
not primary, [176];
the empirical self, [176];
its constituents, [177];
the material self, [177];
the social self, [179];
the spiritual self, [181];
self-appreciation, [182];
self-seeking, bodily, social, and spiritual, [184];
rivalry of the mes. [186];
their hierarchy, [190];
teleology of self-interest, [193];
the I, or 'pure ego,' [195];
thoughts are not compounded of 'fused' sensations, [196];
the soul as a combining medium, [200];
the sense of personal identity, [201];
explained by identity of function in successive passing thoughts, [203];
mutations of the self, [205];
insane delusions, [207];
alternating personalities, [210];
medium-ships, [212];
who is the thinker? [215]
Self-appreciation, [182]
Self-interest, theological uses of, [193];
teleological character of, [193]
Selves, their rivalry, [186]
Semicircular canals, [50]
Semicircular canals, their relation to sensations of rotation, [75]
Sensations, in General, [Chapter II], p. [9];
distinguished from perceptions, [12];
from images, [14];
first things in consciousness, [12];
make us acquainted with qualities, [14];
their exteriority, [15];
intensity of sensations, [16];
their measurement, [21];
they are not compounds, [23]
Sensations, of touch, [60];
of skin, [60] ff.;
of smell, [69];
of pain, [67];
of heat, [63];
of cold, [63];
of hunger, [69];
of thirst, [69];
of motion, [70];
muscular, [65];
of taste, [69];
of pressure, [60];
of joints, [74];
of movement through space, [75];
of rotation, [75];
of translation, [76]
Sense of time, see Time
Sensory centres in the cortex, [113] ff.
Septum lucidum, [87]
Serial order of locations, [341]
Shame, [374]
Sheep's brain, dissection of, [81]
Sight, [28] ff.;
see Vision
Signs, [40];
sensations are, to us of other sensations, whose space-value is held to be more real, [345] ff.
Similarity, association by, [267], [364];
see Likeness
Size, [40]
Skin—senses, [60] ff.;
localizing power of, [61];
discrimination of points on, [247]
Smell, [69];
centre of, in cortex, [116]
Smith, T. C., [311]
Sociability, [407]
Soul, the, as ego or thinker, [196];
as a combining medium, [200], [203]
Sound, [53-59];
images of, [306]
Space, Perception of, [Chapter XXI];
extensity in three dimensions primitive to all sensation, [335];
construction of real space, [337];
the processes which it involves: (1) Subdivision, [338];
(2) Coalescence of different sensible data into one 'thing,' [339];
(3) Location in an environment, [342];
objects which are signs, and objects which are realities, [345];
the third dimension, [346];
Berkeley's theory of distance, [346];
part played by intellect in space-perception, [349]
Space, relation of muscular sense to, [66], [74]
Spalding, [401] ff.
Span of consciousness, [219], [286]
Specific energies, [11]
Speech, centres of, in cortex, [109];
thought possible without it, [169];
see Aphasia
Spencer, [103], [387], [390]
Spinal cord, conduction of pain by, [68];
centre of defensive movements, [93]
Spiritual substance, see Soul
Spiritualistic theories of consciousness, [462]
Spontaneous trains of thought, [257];
examples, [257] ff., [271]
Starr, [107], [113], [115]
Steinthal, [327]
Stream of Consciousness, [Chapter XI], [151]
Stricker, [307]
Subdivision of space, [338]
Substantive states of mind, [160]
Succession vs. duration, [280];
not known by successive feelings, [285]
Summation of stimuli, [128]
Surfaces, feeling of motion over, [70]
Tactile centre in cortex, [116]
Tactile images, [308]
Taine, [208]
Taste, [69];
centre of, in cortex, [116]
Teleological character of consciousness, [4];
of self-interest, [193]
Temperature-sense, [63] ff.
Terminal organs, [10], [30], [52]
Thalami, [80], [86], [89], [108]
Thermometry, cerebral, [131]
'Thing,' coalescence of sensations to form the same, [339]
Thinking principle, see Soul
Third dimension of space, [346]
Thirst, sensations of, [69]
Thomson, Dr. Allen, [129]
Thought, the 'Topic' of, [167];
stream of, [151];
can be carried on in any terms, [167];
unity of, [196];
spontaneous trains of, [257];
the entire thought the minimum, [464]
'Timbre,' [55]
Time, sense of, [Chapter XVII];
begins with duration, [280];
no sense of empty time, [281];
compared with perception of space, [282];

discrete flow of time, [282];
long intervals conceived symbolically, [283];
we measure duration by events that succeed in it, [283];
variations in our estimations of its length, [283];
cerebral processes of, [286]
Touch, [60] ff.;
centre of, in cortex, [116];
images of, [308]
Transcendental self or ego, [196]
Transitive states of mind, [160]
Translation, sense of, [76]
Trapezium, [85]
Turner, Dr. J. E., [440]
Tympanum, [48]
Types of decision, [429]
Unity of the passing thought, [196]
Universal conceptions, [240]
Urbantschitch, [25]
Valve of Vieussens, [80], [86]
Variability of the emotions, [381]
Varying concomitants, law of disassociation by, [251]
Ventricles, [79] ff.
Vierordt, [71]
Vision, [28] ff.;
binocular, [33-9];
of solidity, [37]
Visual centre of cortex, [110], [115]
Visual imagination, [302]
Visualizing power, [302]
Vividness, determines association, [264]
Volition, see Will
Volkmann, [285]
Voluminousness, primitive, of sensations, [335]
Voluntary acts, defined, [92];
voluntary attention, [224];
voluntary trains of thought, [271]
Weber's law, [17], [24], [46], [59]
Weber's law—weight, [66];
pain, [67]
Weight, sensibility to, [66] ff.
Wernicke, [109], [113], [115]
Wesley, [223]
Wheatstone, [347]
Wigan, [300]
Will, [Chapter XXVI];
voluntary acts, [415];
they are secondary performances, [415];
no third kind of idea is called for, [418];
the motor-cue, [420];
ideo-motor action, [432];
action after deliberation, [428];
five types of decision, [429];
feeling of effort, [434];
healthiness of will, [435];
defects of, [436];
the explosive will: (1) from defective inhibition, [437];
(2) from exaggerated impulsion, [439];
the obstructed will, [441];
effort feels like an original force, [442];
pleasure and pain as springs of action, [444];
what holds attention determines action, [448];
will is a relation between the mind and its ideas, [449];
volitional effort is effort of attention, [450];
free-will, [455];
ethical importance of effort, [458]
Willing terminates with the prevalence of the idea, [449]
Wundt, [11], [18], [25], [58], [122], [123], [125], [127], [220], [281]

FOOTNOTES:

[1] In the present volume I have given so much extension to the details of 'Sensation' that I have obeyed custom and put that subject first, although by no means persuaded that such order intrinsically is the best. I feel now (when it is too late for the change to be made) that the chapters on the Production of Motion, on Instinct, and on Emotion ought, for purposes of teaching, to follow immediately upon that on Habit, and that the chapter on Reasoning ought to come in very early, perhaps immediately after that upon the Self. I advise teachers to adopt this modified order, in spite of the fact that with the change of place of 'Reasoning' there ought properly to go a slight amount of re-writing.

[2] The subject may feel pain, however, in this experiment; and it must be admitted that nerve-fibres of every description, terminal organs as well, are to some degree excitable by mechanical violence and by the electric current.

[3] Thus the optic nerve-fibres are traced to the occipital lobes, the olfactory tracts go to the lower part of the temporal lobe (hippocampal convolution), the auditory nerve-fibres pass first to the cerebellum, and probably from thence to the upper part of the temporal lobe. These anatomical terms used in this chapter will be explained later. The cortex is the gray surface of the convolutions.

[4] Vorlesungen über Menschen u. Thierseele, Lecture VII.

[5] In other words, S standing for the sensation in general, and d for its noticeable increment, we have the equation dS = const. The increment of stimulus which produces dS (call it dR) meanwhile varies. Fechner calls it the 'differential threshold'; and as its relative value to R is always the same, we have the equation dR/R = const.

[6] Beiträge zur exp. Psychol., Heft 3, p. 4.

[7] I borrow it from Ziehen: Leitfaden d. Physiologischen Psychologie, 1891, p. 36, who quotes Hering's version of it.