i. PARTS.
1. Disk (Discus). The middle of a surface.
2. Limb (Limbus). The circumference.
3. Margin (Margo). The extreme sides.
4. Apex (Apex). The summit.
5. Base (Basis). The bottom.
6. Supine Surface (Pagina superior). The upper surface.
7. Prone Surface (Pagina inferior). The under surface.
ii. ELEVATION and DEPRESSION.
1. Navicular (Navicularis). When two sides meet and form an angle like the outer bottom of a boat.—Ex. Notonecta glauca.
2. Convex (Convexa). An elevation the arc of which is the segment of a circle.—Ex. Upper Surface of the body of most Coleoptera.
3. Gibbous (Gibba). An elevation the arc of which is not the segment of a circle[1084].—Ex. Shoulders of the elytra of Prionus coriarius, and of many other Coleoptera.
4. Plane (Plana). Flat. When the disk is not higher than the limb, nor the limb than the disk.
5. Concave (Concava). A depression the arc of which is the segment of a circle.
6. Excavate (Excavata). A depression the arc of which is not the segment of a circle.—Ex. Prothorax of Sinodendrum cylindricum.
iii. SCULPTURE.
1. Equate[1085] (Æquata). Without larger partial elevations or depressions.
2. Smooth (Lævis). Without smaller partial elevations or depressions.
3. Levigate (Lævigata). Without any partial elevations or depressions.
4. Pore (Porus). A minute impression that perforates the substance.
5. Porose (Porosa). Beset with many pores.—Ex. Elytra of most Apions.
6. A Point (Punctum). A minute impression upon the surface, but not perforating it.
7. Punctate (Punctata). Beset with many points.—Ex. Impression on the Head and Prothorax of Phyllopertha Horticola, &c.
8. Variole (Variola). A shallow impression like a mark of the small-pox.
9. Variolous (Variolosa). Beset with many varioles.—Ex. Scarabæus variolosus.
10. Umbilicate (Umbilicata). When a variole, tubercle, granule, &c. has a depression in its centre.—Ex. Thorax of Pachygaster scabrosus.
11. Foveolet (Foveola). A roundish and rather deep depression, larger than a variole.
12. Foveolate (Foveolata). Having one or more foveolets.—Ex. Prothorax of Geotrupes stercorarius.
13. Fossulet (Fossula). A somewhat long and narrow depression.
14. Fossulate (Fossulata). Having one or more fossulets.—Ex. Oxytelus rugosus, &c.
15. Unequal (Inæqualis). Having very slight and indeterminate excavations.—Ex. Prothorax of Silpha thoracica, Cerambyx moschatus, &c.
16. Lacunose (Lacunosa). Having a few scattered, irregular, broadish but shallow excavations.—Ex. Elytra of Donacia vittata, Sagittariæ, &c.
17. Rimose (Rimosa). Chinky, resembling the bark of a tree. Having numerous minute, narrow and nearly parallel excavations, which run into each other.—Ex. Elytra of Colymbetes adspersus ♀, and Cybister Rœselii.
18. Undose (Undosa). Having undulating nearly parallel broader depressions which run into each other, and resemble the sand of the sea-shore when left by the tide.—Ex. Cymatodes[1086] undosus K. MS.
19. Vermiculate (Vermiculata). Having tortuous excavations as if eaten by worms.—Ex. Prothorax of Colymbetes Hybneri and transversalis.
20. Reticulose (Reticulosa). Having a number of minute impressed lines which intersect each other in various directions like the meshes of a net.—Ex. Prothorax of Cybister Rœselii.
21. Acuducted (Acuducta). Scratched across very finely as if with the point of a needle or pin.—Ex. Colymbetes acuductus.
22. Striate (Striata). Having rather slightly impressed longitudinal parallel lines.—Ex. Amara communis, &c.
23. Sulcate (Sulcata). Having deeper impressed longitudinal parallel lines.—Ex. Dytiscus marginalis ♀.
24. Clathrose (Clathrosa). When strias or furrows cross each other at right angles.—Ex. Abdomen of Micropeplus porcatus.
25. Rivose (Rivosa). When furrows do not run in a parallel direction and are rather sinuate.—Ex. Prothorax of Elophorus stagnalis, &c.
26. Interstice (Interstitium). The space between elevations and depressions running in lines.
27. Interval (Intervallum). The space between irregular and scattered elevations and depressions.
28. Complanate (Complanata). A convex or irregular surface having a plane slight depression.—Ex. Sides of the Prothorax of Prionus cervicornis.
29. Canaliculate (Canaliculata). Having a longitudinal impressed line or channel.—Ex. Prothorax of Geotrupes, Broscus cephalotes, &c.
30. Carinate (Carinata). Having a longitudinal elevated line.—Ex. Rostrum of Curculio nebulosus. Bicarinate, Tricarinate, &c., having two or three such lines.—Ex. Elytra of Silpha recta.
31. Cristate (Cristata). Having one or two very elevated lines usually crenate.—Ex. Prothorax of Pterophylla laurifolia.
32. Porcate (Porcata). Having several parallel elevated longitudinal ridges.—Ex. Onthophilus striatus.
33. Costate (Costata). Having several broad elevated lines.—Ex. Brachinus bimaculatus, &c.
34. Clathrate (Clathrata). Having several elevated lines which cross each other at right angles.—Ex. Abdomen of Micropeplus porcatus.
35. Reticulate (Reticulata). Having many small elevated lines which intersect each other in various directions like the meshes of a net.—Ex. Lycus reticulatus. Wings of the Libellulina.
36. Rugose (Rugosa). Wrinkled. Intricate with approximating elevations and depressions whose direction is indeterminate.—Ex. Elytra of Prionus coriarius.
37. Cicatricose (Cicatricosa). Having elevated spots of a different colour from the rest of the surface, resembling scars.—Ex. Elytra of Ptomaphila lachrymosa K. MS[1087].
38. Embossed (Cælata). Having several plane tracts of a different shape higher than the rest of the surface.—Ex. Prothorax of Prionus damicornis, maxillosus, &c.
39. Gibbose (Gibbosa). Having one or more large elevations.—Ex. Sides of the Prothorax of Brachycerus barbarus.
40. Tubercle (Tuberculum). A pimple-like knob.
41. Tuberculate (Tuberculata). Having several tubercles.—Ex. Apoderus gemmatus. Base of Prothorax of Cerambyx moschatus.
42. Verruca. A small flattish wart-like prominence.
43. Verrucose (Verrucosa). Having several verrucæ.—Ex. Pimelia muricata.
44. Muricate (Muricata). Armed with sharp thick, but not close, elevated points like a Murex.—Ex. Bronchus Tribulus, quadridens[1088], &c.
45. Echinate (Echinata). Armed with sharp spines like a hedgehog or Echinus.—Ex. Hispa atra.
46. Rugged (Salebrosa). When a surface is rough with mucros, spines and tubercles intermixed.—Ex. Numerous species of Bronchus.
47. Granule (Granulum). A very minute elevation.
48. Granulate (Granulata). Beset with many granules like shagreen.—Ex. Otiorhynchus sulcatus. Prothorax of Copris Molossus.
49. Scabrous (Scabra). Rough to the touch from granules scarcely visible.—Ex. Elytra of Otiorhynchus Ligustici.
50. Papillule (Papillula). A tubercle or variole with an elevation in its centre.
51. Papillulate (Papillulata). Beset with many papillules.—Ex. Elytra of Dynastes Hercules ♀.
52. Catenulate (Catenulata). Having a series of elevated oblong tubercles resembling a chain.—Ex. Carabus catenulatus.
53. Spherulate (Sphærulata). Having one or more rows of minute tubercles.—Ex. Trox lutosus, Limnius tuberculatus.
54. Consute (Consuta). Having very minute elevations in a series at some distance from each other, of a different colour from the rest of the surface, and somewhat resembling stitching.—Ex. Elytra of Oryctes Sylvanus (Cœlosis K. MS.).
55. Intricate (Intricata). When depressions or elevations so run into each other as to be difficult to trace.—Ex. Elytra of Carabus intricatus.
56. Corrugate (Corrugata). When a surface rises and falls in parallel angles more or less acute.—Ex. Front of Nothiophilus aquaticus.
57. Obliterate (Obliterata). Applied to impressions and elevations when almost effaced.
iv. CLOTHING.
a. general.