An Introduction to Entomology: Vol. 4 / or Elements of the Natural History of the Insects

by William Kirby; William Spence

1. Simple (Simplices). When the under jaws have but one lobe.—Ex. Hymenoptera. Plate [VII]. Fig. 2, 3. d´.

2. Compound (Compositæ). When they have more than one lobe.—Ex. Staphylinus and many other Coleoptera. Plate [XXVI]. Fig. 9, 10. d´´´. e´´´.

3. Adnate (Adnatæ). When they adhere to the lower lip through their whole length.—Ex. Trichoptera. Plate [VII]. Fig. 1. d´.

4. Adherent (Adhærentes). When they adhere to it only at their base.—Ex. Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, &c. Plate [VI]. [VII]. Fig. 3. d´.

5. Spinose (Spinosæ). When they are armed at the apex with spines.—Ex. Libellulina. Plate [VI]. Fig. 12. f´´´.

6. Dentate (Dentatæ). When they are armed with teeth.—Ex. Melolonthidæ. Plate [XXVI]. Fig. 15. g´´.

7. Pectunculate (Pectunculatæ). When the stipes below the feeler has a row of minute spines set like the teeth of a comb.—Ex. Apis[1096].

8. Disengaged (Liberæ). When they do not adhere to the lower lip at all, or are only connected by membrane or ligaments.—Ex. Apis, &c. Plate [VII]. Fig. 3. d´.

9. Mandibuliform (Mandibuliformes). When they are hard and horny and shaped like the upper jaws.—Ex. Melolonthidæ, Anoplognathidæ, &c. Plate [XXVI]. Fig. 13, 15.

10. Unguiculate (Unguiculatæ). When they terminate in a moveable claw.—Ex. Cicindela.

d. feelers (Palpi).

1. Maniform (Maniformes). When they are chelate or furnished with a finger and thumb.—Ex. Scorpio, Chelifer. Plate [XV]. Fig. 7.

2. Pediform (Pediformes). When they resemble the legs either in structure or use.—Ex. Araneidea, Acarina. Plate [VII]. Fig. 10. h´´.

3. Antenniform (Antenniformes). When they are very long resembling antennæ.—Ex. Hydrophilus, Bryaxis, Culex ♂.

4. Unguiculate (Unguiculati). When they are armed with a claw at the end.—Ex. Gonyleptes. Plate [XIII]. Fig. 1.

5. Securiform (Securiformes). When the last joint of the feeler is triangular, and the preceding joint is connected with the vertex of the triangle.—Ex. Cleridæ. Plate [XIII]. Fig. 2. a.

6. Lunulate (Lunulati). When the last joint is shaped like a half-moon or crescent.—Ex. Oxyporus. Plate [XIII]. Fig. 4. a.

7. Fasciculate (Fasciculati). When the feeler terminates in a bunch of very slender laminæ.—Ex. Lymexylon flavipes. Plate [XXVI]. Fig. 3.

8. Lamellate (Lamellati). When the last joint is divided into transverse lamellæ.—Ex. Atractocerus. Plate [XXVI]. Fig. 1.

9. Inflated (Inflati). When the last joint of the feeler is very large and tumid.—Ex. Araneidea ♂. Plate [XIII]. Fig. 3.

10. Appendiculate (Appendiculati). When from one of the joints there issues an accessory joint or appendage.—Ex. Atractocerus, Trombidium. Plate [XXVI]. Fig. 1. a. Plate [XXIII]. Fig. 13. a.

11. Mammillate (Mammillati). When the last joint is very short, smaller than the preceding one, and retractile within it.—Ex. Pæderus[1097].

12. Subulate (Subulati). When the last joint is short, and vastly smaller than the preceding one.—Ex. Bembidium, Aleochara. Plate [XXVI]. Fig. 7.

13. Fusiform (Fusiformes). When the two last joints are conical, and the base of the cones forms the point of union.—Ex. Trechus. Plate [XXVI]. Fig. 8.

14. Heteromorphous (Heteromorphi). When the two intermediate joints are vastly larger than the first and the last.—Ex. Cerocoma ♂. Plate [XXVI]. Fig. 2.

e. tongue (Lingua).

1. Linguiform (Linguiformis). When the tongue is quite distinct from the labium, usually retracted within the mouth, short and shaped something like a vertebrate tongue.—Ex. Gryllina, Libellulina. Plate [VI]. Fig. 6, 12. e´.

2. Liguliform (Liguliformis). When it emerges from the labium, is short, flat, and not concealed within the mouth.—Ex. Vespa and many Hymenoptera. Plate [VII]. Fig. 2. e'.

3. Tubulose (Tubulosa). When it emerges from the labium, is long and tubular, and capable of inflation.—Ex. Apis. Plate [VII]. Fig. 3. e´.

4. Setiform (Setiformis). A short minute sharp tongue discoverable between the scalpella of a promuscis.—Ex. Cimex L. Plate [VII]. Fig. 14. e´.

5. Palatiform (Palatiformis). When the tongue forms the inner surface of the Labium, but is not separate from it.—Ex. Most Coleoptera.

vi. NOSE (nasus).

1. Included (Inclusus). When the nose is included between the two sides of the Postnasus which run towards the upper lip.—Ex. Geocorisæ.

2. Vaulted (Fornicatus). When the nose is elevated, convex and hollow underneath.—Ex. Vespa.

vii. CANTHUS.

1. Entering (Intrans). When the Canthus takes a little angle or sinus out of the eye.—Ex. The Capricorn beetles, Mylabris. Plate [VI]. Fig. 1. h´.

2. Cleaving (Findens). When the Canthus cleaves the eye half through or more.—Ex. The Petalocerous beetles.

3. Dividing (Dividens). When the Canthus passes right through the eye and divides it into two.—Ex. Gyrinus, Tetraopes.[1098] Plate [XXVI]. Fig. 36.

4. Septiform (Septiformis). When the Canthus forms an elevated ridge or septum.—Ex. Many Petalocerous beetles.