Louis fails of admission to, 96;
N.'s garden at, 210;
N.'s contemporaries at, 216;
battle of, iv. [60], [61];
military movements near, [95], [96].
Brienne, Mme. Loménie de, N.'s early friend, i. 52, 105.
Brigandage, suppression of, in Corsica, i. 14, 15.
Brigido, Col., at battle of Arcole, i. 390.
Brindisi, embargo on, ii. 287.
Brinkmann, on N.'s influence in France, ii. 133.
Brissot, J. P., leader of the Girondists, i. 189.
Brittany, foundation of the Jacobin Club in, i. 107;
violence and civil war in, 207, 222, 277, 305; ii. 91, 146;
N. conciliates, 146;
suspected plot of the Duc de Berry in, 303.
Brixen, Joubert at, i. 434;
apportioned to the Grand Duke of Tuscany, ii. 266;
ceded to Bavaria, 391.
Broglie, Duc de, on the Emperor's court at Fontainebleau, iii. 245.
Broussier, Gen., marches to relief of Paris, iv. [102].
Bruck, Prince Eugène at, iii. 225.
Brueys d'Aigalliers, Vice-Adm. François-Paul, commanding French fleet in the Adriatic, ii, 18;
ordered to Corfu, 62;
ordered to Alexandria, 62;
in the battle of the Nile, 62-66.
Bruix, Adm. E., sent to conquer the Mediterranean ii. 79;
interview with Barras, 107;
argument in favor of the slave-trade, 236.
Brumaire, the plot of the 18th of, ii. 102 et seq., 119 et seq., 315; iv. [258].
Brune, Gen. G. M. A., plunders Bern, ii. 40;
military genius, 88;
campaign in Holland, 87, 93, 96, 323;
battle of Bergen, 93;
supersedes Masséna in Italy, 190;
advances to Trent, 192;
created marshal, 323;
venality of, iii. 81.
Brunet, Gen., commanding the Army of Italy, i. 213.
Brünn, military operations near, ii. 367, 369, 379, 383-386; iii. 229;
N. establishes headquarters at, ii. 379.
Brunswick, French occupation of, ii. 443;
organization of the Black Legion, iii. 234;
the Black Legion's escape through, 234;
restored to its former ruler, iv. [40].
Brunswick, Charles F. W., Duke of, commander-in-chief of the Prussian army, ii. 419, 424, 427;
at Naumberg, 424;
decline of his influence, 428;
at Erfurt, 427;
plan of opposition to the French, 428;
in battle of Jena, 429-433;
death of, 433, 443;
proclamation against the French republic, 443;
appeals to N.'s mercy, 443.
Brunswick, Frederick W., Duke of, deprived of his throne, iii. 234;
organizes the Black Legion, 234;
exploits with the Black Legion, 234;
escapes to England, 234.
Brunswick, House of, Sieyès suspected of plotting with the, ii. 95.
Bruslart, governor of Corsica, plots against N., iv. [150].
Brussels, proposed invasion of France via, iv. [57];
York retires to, [80];
military operations near, [170], [179], [180], [190], [192], [194], [195];
topography of, [195].
Brutus, statue at the Tuileries, ii. 147.
Bruyères, killed at Reichenbach, iii. 410.
Bry, meeting of Wellington and Blücher at, iv. [180].
Bubna, Gen., emissary from Francis to N., iii. 238, 395; iv. [21];
suggests an armistice, iii. 408;
procrastinates, 417;
confronting Augereau at Geneva, iv. [57];
in the campaign of 1814, [62];
driven from Lyons by Augereau, [67].
"Bucentaur," the, destruction of, ii. 24.
"Bucentaure," the, at Trafalgar, ii. 374.
Budberg, Russian councilor, iii. 52.
Budweis, Archduke Charles at, iii. 216.
Buenos Ayres, English expedition against, iii. 100.
"Buffer" states, ii. 402; iii. 55.
Bug, River, proposed French occupation to the, ii. 442;
military operations on the, iii. 2, 117, 358.
Bulgaria, alleged concession of, to Russia, iii. 55.
Bull-fights, N. proposes to introduce them into Paris, ii. 409.
Bülow, Gen. F. W. von, junction of Bernadotte with, iii. 399;
commanding Army of the North, iv. [3];
holding Berlin, iv. [3];
strength, [3];
belittled by N., [5];
military ability, [14];
battle of Grossbeeren, [14];
battle of Dennewitz, [18];
coöperates with Graham in the Netherlands, [57];
captures Soissons, [77];
commanding reserve forces, [177];
in Waterloo campaign, [177];
near Beauderet, [185];
at St. Lambert, [194];
battle of Waterloo, [204]-207.
Bunbury, Sir Henry, on commission to notify N. of his sentence, iv. [226].
Bunzlau, Blücher at, iv. [7].
Buonaparte, Carlo Maria di (father of N.), early life of, i. 29, 30;
ennobled, 29;
marriage, 30;
submission and French naturalization, 32;
character, 22, 44;
death, 34, 63;
ambitions and advancements, 43-47, 57, 63;
mission to Versailles, 44-47;
claim against the Jesuits, 47, 63;
breaks down, 57;
his "infamy," 97;
N. renounces the royalist principles of, 136;
his paternity of N. denied, iv. [137].
Buonaparte, Caroline (sister of N.), birth, i. 33;
at Nice, 244;
early life, 322;
gift to her brother on departure for Egypt, ii. 53;
married to Murat, 195, 258;
resents N.'s abuse of Murat, iv. [56].
See also [Murat, Mme].
Buonaparte, Princess Charlotte, proposal to marry her to the Prince of Asturias, iii. 129;
sent to Madame Mère, 130.
Buonaparte, Hortense, life in Holland, iii. 26;
death of her eldest son, 52;
quarrels with the Grand Duchess of Berg, 179;
share in the Austrian marriage negotiations, 253;
Louis complains of, 270;
criticized by Mme. de Staël, 298.
See also [Beauharnais, Hortense].
Buonaparte, Jerome (brother of N.), birth, i. 33, 64;
sent to school in Paris, 309;
marriage to Elizabeth Patterson, ii. 257;
residence in the United States, 257;
deserts his wife Elizabeth, 257;
service in the West Indies, 257;
fails to secure divorce from his American wife, 396;
marries Catherine of Würtemberg, 399; iii. 93, 94;
assists in the sack of Poland, ii. 440;
commanding corps of Würtembergers and Bavarians, iii. 3;
King of Westphalia, 56, 279;
Pius VII refuses to annul his marriage, 68;
assumes the title of Napoleon, 82;
relations with N., 82;
ordered to raise levies in Westphalia, 132;
at the Erfurt conference, 171;
defeated by the Black Legion, 234;
deprived of part of Hanover, 278;
supplies quota to N.'s army, 322;
in the Russian campaign, 336;
at Grodno, 336;
military blunders and incompetence, 336;
proposed allotment of Brandenburg and Berlin to, 409;
flees to France, iv. [40];
takes refuge in Switzerland, [135];
assigned to the House of Peers, [160];
battle of Waterloo, [199], [211].
Buonaparte, Joseph (grandfather of N.), ennobled, i. 28.
Buonaparte, Joseph (brother of N.), childish relations with N., i. 40;
educated for the priesthood, 44, 55;
goes to Autun, 44;
character, 49; iii. 130, 131; iv. [106];
desire for military service, i. 55;
search for a career, 55, 57, 79, 83, 89, 96, 134, 140, 288, 292-295;
attends his father in his last illness, 58, 63;
his politics, 83;
studies law at Pisa, 89;
early struggles, 96;
claims share in framing Corsican appeal to National Assembly, 118;
appointed mayor's secretary at Ajaccio, 123;
at Marseilles, 127;
member of the Constituent Assembly at Orezza, 131, 134;
represents Ajaccio in district Directory, 134;
disappointments to, 134;
political offices and schemes, 140, 144;
member of Corsican Directory, 161;
reminiscences of, conversations, confidences, and relations with N., 178; iii. 45, 82, 109, 140, 148, 149, 190;
leaves Corsica for Toulon, i. 207;
trades on his brother's commission in the National Guard, 208;
made commissary-general, 238;
marriage of, 254;
deprived of employment, 284, 287;
settles in Genoa, 288, 291;
proposed land speculation for, 288;
N.'s correspondence with, 290-297, 312; ii. 66; iii. 18, 184, 299; iv. [61], [73], [77], [91], [216];
plans for diplomatic appointment, i. 292, 294;
marriage, 295;
enamoured of Désirée Clary, 312;
receives diplomatic appointment, 309;
French minister at Rome, ii. 28, 39;
demands Provera's dismissal from Rome, 39;
demands his passports, 39;
sends information to N. in Egypt, 80;
political and social preferment, 96;
member of the Five Hundred, 95;
plenipotentiary to negotiate with Cobenzl, 188;
France's representative at Lunéville, 193;
his skilful diplomacy, 256;
negotiates the treaty of Amiens, 263;
N. confides the Duc d'Enghien's case to, 307;
at Malmaison, 308;
seeks clemency for the Duc d'Enghien, 308;
coolness between N. and, 308;
the right of imperial succession in his family, 322;
created Elector and imperial prince, 322;
on his brother's strength with the army, 334;
at N.'s coronation, 342;
declines the crown of Italy, 352;
in battle of Austerlitz, 387;
made king of Naples, 395;
dominion over Sicily, 401;
advised to show himself terrible at first, 439;
reports N.'s Indian scheme, 442;
Pius VII refuses to recognize his sovereignty, iii. 68;
assumes the title of Napoleon, 82;
residence at Naples, 129;
interview with N. at Venice, 129-131;
the crown of Spain offered to, 131;
reform of Neapolitan politics, 130;
ambition, 131;
ordered to Bayonne, 149;
king of Spain, 150, 169, 142, 279, 382, 421;
assumes government at Madrid, iii. 154;
entreats N. assistance in Spain, 158;
lacks male descendants, 160;
asserts his sovereignty, 190;
driven from Madrid, 190;
the Spaniards swear allegiance to, 191, 192;
accompanies N. on his second marriage journey, 258;
his Spanish territory contracted, 278;
signs a conditional abdication, 282;
bickerings with Soult, 287;
Wellington moves to Madrid against, 290;
temporary government at Valencia, 377;
acting regent in Paris, iv. [58], [61];
gives up hope, [81];
sends flag of truce to Bernadotte, [85];
enjoined to save the Empress and her son from Austrian capture, [91];
member of the Empress-Regent's council, [106];
proclaims his brother's approach to Paris, [109];
prepares for defense of Paris, [109];
deputy emperor, [111];
overtakes the Empress at Chartres, [111];
empowers Marmont to treat for surrender, [111];
Napoleon's rage at, [115];
takes refuge in Switzerland, [135];
assigned to the House of Peers, [160];
president of the council of state, [169];
advised to hold the legislature in hand, [216].
Buonaparte, Josephine, marital relations with N., i. 452-455; ii. 66, 84, 198, 256, 328; iii. 11, 26, 27, 160, 161, 179-181, 246, 247, 252-253;
character, licentious conduct, jealousy, etc., i. 452-455; ii. 55, 84; iii. 11, 27, 92, 246, 247;
domestic and social life, the imperial court, etc., i. 452-455; ii. 254-257, 279; iii. 91-94, 145;
the divorce, its causes and decretal, i. 453, 454; ii. 66, 84, 256, 328; iii. 99, 160, 161, 179-181, 245-247, 252, 253;
letters from N., i. 320, 452, 455; iii. 43, 60, 110;
visits Rome, ii. 28;
joins N. in Paris, Dec., 1797, 28;
royalist intrigues with, 36;
bids farewell to N. at Toulon, 55;
influence over Gohier, 97;
in pecuniary straits, 122;
brings about marriage between Hortense and Louis Bonaparte, 257;
fear of Talleyrand, 308;
attitude in the Duc d'Enghien's case, 308;
accompanies N. to Boulogne, 328;
ecclesiastically married to N., 341;
the coronation, 342-346;
forbidden to follow her husband to Poland, iii. 27;
reproaches N. with his amours, 27;
travels through France, 74;
accompanies N. to Bayonne, 142;
N.'s harsh treatment at Fontainebleau, 179;
self-abasement of, 246;
withdraws to Malmaison, 247;
conducts negotiations for N.'s Austrian marriage, 253;
N. visits, after the divorce, 257;
never preferred to power, 327.
Buonaparte, Letizia, death of, i. 34;
tradition concerning birth of N., 39, 40;
character, 40; iv. [137], [287];
letter from N. to, i. 64;
vicissitudes of fortune, 64, 65, 80, 96, 225, 291; ii. 95; iv. [287];
her opinion of N., i. 84;
settles near Toulon, 262;
disapproves N.'s marriage, 321;
social influence, ii. 96;
remark of Mme. Permon to, 130;
distrusts N.'s elevation, 258;
residence in Corsica, 258;
refuses to attend the coronation, 342;
Princess Charlotte's sojourn with, iii. 130;
attacks on her good name, iv. [137];
visits N. at Elba, [142];
thrift, [287];
knowledge of N.'s limitations, [287].
Buonaparte, Louis (brother of N.), birth, i. 33;
prospects, 80;
loses appointment to artillery school, 88;
remains at Brienne, 88;
N. aids and protects, 89, 96, 140, 144, 147, 149, 150;
fails to secure admission to Brienne, 96;
certificate to his republicanism, 136;
confirmed, 147;
follows his brother's fortunes, 159, 263;
idle career, 184;
promoted adjutant-general of artillery, 238;
ordered to Châlons as a cadet, 238;
officer of home guard at Nice, 254;
falls from favor, 254;
lieutenant of artillery, 262;
deprived of employment, 284;
ordered to Châlons, 288, 291;
promoted, 309;
marries Hortense Beauharnais, ii. 257; iii. 269;
his son Napoleon, ii. 282;
created Constable of France, 323; iii. 96;
at N.'s coronation, ii. 342;
declines the crown of Italy for his son, 352;
made king of Holland, 397; iii. 25, 96, 269;
ordered to hold the Rhine, ii. 424;
character, iii. 25;
reprimanded by N. for economy, 25;
character of his reign, 25, 148, 270, 271, 276-278;
letters from N., 140, 148, 276;
relations with N., 82;
assumes title of Louis Napoleon, 82;
the Spanish crown offered to, 140;
refuses the crown, 140, 207;
loyalty to the Dutch, 140;
violates the Continental System, 266;
N.'s affection for, 269;
promoted general, 269;
made councilor of state, 269;
share in the Italian and Egyptian campaigns, 269;
arrogates the royal dignity to himself, 270;
N.'s quarrel with, 269-277;
N. offers to exchange the Hanseatic towns for Brabant and Zealand, 270;
contemplates resistance to N., 270;
reduced to the position of a French governor, 270, 271;
prepares to defend Holland, 271;
summoned to Paris, 270;
complains of his queen Hortense, 270;
virtually a prisoner in France, 270;
submits to N., 271;
permitted to return to Amsterdam, 271;
opens negotiations with England, 271;
continues to oppose N., 275, 276;
flight to Teplitz, 276.
Buonaparte, Louis Napoleon (nephew of N., son of Louis; crown prince of Holland), created Grand Duke of Berg, iii. 279.
Buonaparte, Lucien (great-uncle of N.), condition, i. 40;
affection for his family, 65;
illness of, 79, 84-89;
political opinions, 115;
death, 161.
Buonaparte, Lucien (brother of N.), birth, i. 33;
goes to Autun, 43;
relations with N., 55, 89, 115;
advancement for, 57;
at Brienne, 81;
turns toward the priesthood, 81;
leaves Brienne, 88, 115;
efforts to enter at Aix, 96;
memoirs of N., 97, 98, 207, 316-319; ii. 265;
independence of, i. 140;
radical leader at Ajaccio, 184;
letter to Costa, 187;
in diplomatic service, 197;
denounces Paoli, 197;
at Toulon, 207;
appropriates N.'s birth certificate, 208;
in commissary department, 208, 225;
"the little Robespierre," 238;
marriage, 254;
deprived of employment, 284;
destitution of, 288, 289;
imprisoned at Aix, 291;
liberated, 309;
foments quarrels in Italy, ii. 87;
political and social preferment, 95;
member and president of the Five Hundred, 97, 105, 114-118;
on the 19th Brumaire, 115-118;
makes a dramatic scene at St. Cloud, 116;
summons Bonapartist members of the Five Hundred to meet, 118;
harangues the mutilated chambers, 123;
minister of the interior, 131;
suggests plebiscite on the question of life consulship, 245;
declines to marry the queen of Etruria, 257;
exiled, 257;
second marriage, 257;
democracy of, 257;
in literary society, 257;
at summit of his career, 257;
French minister to Madrid, 257;
dispute between N. and Joseph concerning marriage of, 308;
the savior of N.'s fortunes on the 18th Brumaire, 315;
the right of imperial succession in his family, 322;
created an imperial prince, 322;
at Rome during N.'s coronation, 342;
proposal that he take the crown of Etruria, iii. 129;
opposes hereditary consulate for N., 129;
residence at Rome, 129;
marries Mme. de Jauberthon, 129;
refuses kingly honors, 129, 130;
refuses to divorce his wife, 129, 130;
character, 129, 135;
interview with N. at Mantua, 129, 130;
sails to the United States, 277;
captured by the English, 277;
Mme. de Staëls complaint of N. to, 298, 299;
fosters revolution in Rome, iv. [144];
assigned to the House of Peers, [160];
member of the council of state, [169];
advises a dictatorship after Waterloo, [217];
endeavors to solve the difficulties after Waterloo, [217];
N. dictates his abdication to, [218].
Buonaparte, Maria-Anna (sister of N.), i. 33.
Buonaparte, Marie-Anne-Elisa (sister of N.), birth, i. 33;
educated at Saint-Cyr, 55, 60, 62, 71;
defective education, 71, 182;
N. visits at St. Cyr, 176;
quits St. Cyr and returns to Corsica, 182, 184;
at Nice, 244;
suitor for, 291;
marriage to Felice Bacciocchi, 322; ii. 258;
acquires Massa-e-Carrara and Garfagnana, 395;
created Grand Duchess of Tuscany and Princess of Lucca and Piombino, iii. 279.
See also [Bacciocchi, Princess].
Buonaparte, Nabulione, i. 33, 36;
forms of the name, 38, 39.
Buonaparte, Napoleon. See [Napoleon].
Buonaparte, Napoleon Louis Charles (nephew of N., son of Louis), N.'s partiality for, ii. 282; iii. 269;
proposal to create him king of Italy, ii. 352;
death of, iii. 52, 160, 269.
Buonaparte, Pauline (sister of N.), birth of, i. 33;
at Nice, 244;
suitor for, 291;
flirtation with Fréron, 322;
marries Gen. Leclerc, ii. 236;
marries Prince Borghese, 258;
acquires Guastalla, 395;
adviser to Maria Louisa, iii. 257;
created Duchess of Guastalla, 279.
See also [Leclerc, Mme.]; [Borghese Princess].
Buonaparte family, the, i. 8, 20-34;
ennobling and coat armor of, 28;
vicissitudes of fortune, 35, 58, 63, 65, 80, 83-90, 96, 114, 115, 134, 161, 164, 184, 185, 205, 215, 236, 284, 288, 291, 322;
N. regards himself as head of, 88, 161, 211, 309, 322;
claim against the government, 89, 115;
the "infamy" of, 97;
Salicetti's influence over, 116;
influence in Corsica, 139, 202;
N.'s devotion to, 140, 161, 244;
outburst against, in Ajaccio, 205;
driven from their estates, 205;
leave Corsica for Toulon, 208;
residence in Toulon, 208, 212;
flight to Marseilles, 212;
driven from Toulon, 216;
social diplomacy of, 262;
news of N.'s return from Egypt brought to, ii. 83;
political preferment among members of, 95;
meeting to consider the hereditary consulship, 244;
the women of, 258;
domestic life, 279;
relations with the First Consul, 279;
social triumph of, iii. 93;
urge divorce from Josephine, 125;
allotment of crowns among, 133, 139;
consolidation of Italy under, 167;
agree on the Austrian marriage, 254;
arrogance of its members, 270, 278;
fraternal instincts, 322;
Austrian discovery of their royal descent, iv. [44];
proscribed, [223];
France again under, [233].
Burgau, ceded to Bavaria, ii. 391.
Burgos, Murat assumes command at, iii. 134;
Ferdinand VII at, 143;
siege and fall of, 183, 185;
French movement toward, 185;
failure of Marmont to capture, 290.
Burgundy, N. visits, i. 146.
Burke, Edmund, influence of his oratory, i. 195;
on Malmesbury's mission to Paris, 449.
Burrard, Gen. H., defeats Wellesley's plans at Vimeiro, iii. 157;
retired from active service, 186.
Busaco, battle of, iii, 284, 285;
the cantinière of, 291.
Buttafuoco, Matteo, treachery of, i. 17, 22;
invites Rousseau to Corsica, 19;
relations with Choiseul, 21;
represents Corsica at Versailles, 115;
attitude toward Corsican patriots, 117;
popular hatred of, 121, 133, 135;
succeeded by Salicetti, 133, 136;
N.'s diatribe against, 133, 136;
N.'s "Letters" to, 145;
his marriage condemned by N., 311.
Buxhöwden, Gen., advance of Russian troops under, ii. 367;
joins Kutusoff at Wischau, 379.
Bylandt, Count de, advises Holland to defy France, iii. 271;
in battle of Waterloo, iv. [201].
C
Cabanis, influence on the Consulate, ii. 195.
Cabarrus, Jeanne M. I. T., i. 315.
See also [Fontenaye, Mme. de]; [Tallien, Mme.]
Cadiz, Nelson loses an eye at, ii. 62;
Villeneuve makes for, 359, 371;
Collingwood blockades, 371;
Nelson's fleet off, 373;
threatened invasion by England, iii. 133, 155;
seizure of a French fleet at, 155;
Soult before, 286, 289;
Soult abandons, 290;
becomes the capital of the nationalists, 290.
Cadore, creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 395;
Champagny created Duke of, iii. 87.
See [Champagny].
Cadoudal, Georges, complaints of England's harboring of, ii. 271;
conspiracy to seize N., 297 et seq.;
leader of the Chouans, 297;
arrest and execution, 299, 303;
N.'s clemency toward his co-conspirators, 328;
funeral mass celebrated for, iv. [146].
Cæsar, Augustus, N. likened to, iii. 43.
Cæsar, Julius, N.'s study of and admiration for, resemblances between N. and, i. 161, 395, 423; ii. 147, 158, 159, 230; iii. 319; iv. [130], [232], [266];
N. disclaims the rôle of, ii. 112, 117;
his work for civilization, 157; iii. 319.
Caffarelli, Gen., bearer of N.'s letter to Pius VII, ii. 339;
in battle of Austerlitz, 387.
Cagliari, expedition against, i. 191.
Cahors, birthplace of Murat, ii. 195.
"Caia," and "Caius," ii. 329.
"Ça Ira," i. 244, 266.
Cairo, military operations at, i. 352; ii. 60;
Magallon consul at, 47;
the march from Alexandria to, 59;
capture of, 61;
failure of the promised plunder at, 61;
fortification of, 67;
N. at, 69, 76;
retreat of the army from Acre to, 75;
N.'s "triumphal" return to, 76;
surrender of, 211.
Calahorra, the Spanish forces near, iii. 184, 185.
Calais, parallel between Magdeburg and, iii. 62.
Calder, Adm. Sir Robert, encounters Villeneuve off Cape Finisterre, ii. 359;
reinforces blockade of Brest, 359;
encounter with Villeneuve, 371.
Caldiero, occupied by Alvinczy, i. 388;
Alvinczy retreats from, 390.
Calendar, the Republican, i. 248.
Calonne, C. A. de, taxation problems of, i. 105.
Calotte, the constitution of the, i. 94.
Calvi, French influence and power in, i. 116, 207;
the Buonapartes seek asylum in, 205;
N. at, 205;
imprisonment of Corsicans in, 252;
English capture of, 261.
Cambacérès, J. J. R., dreads a new Terror, ii. 93;
appointed consul, 130;
minister of justice, 130;
organizer of the Code Napoléon, 222, 226;
scheme for reform of the tribunate, 242;
suggests plebiscite on question of life consulship, 244;
Chancellor of France, 323;
at N.'s coronation, 342;
demurs to action against the Duc d'Enghien, 304;
created Duke of Parma, iii. 86;
salary, 96;
arch-chancellor, 96;
on N.'s appearance after the treaty of Schönbrunn, 245;
member of extraordinary council on N.'s second marriage, 253;
member of the Empress-Regent's council, iv. [106];
character, [106];
member of N.'s new cabinet, [159].
Cambronne, Gen. P. J. E., aids in N.'s escape from Elba, iv. [153];
in battle of Waterloo, [209].
Campan, Mme., appointment in the imperial court, ii. 324.
Campbell, Sir Neil, British commissioner at Fontainebleau, iv. [134];
N.'s relations with, [134], [142], [150];
accompanies N. to Elba, [140];
ambassador to N.'s court at Elba, [144];
leaves Elba for Florence, [150], [153].
Camperdown, battle of, ii. 38.
Campo Formio, treaty of, i. 456; ii. 18-22, 24, 31, 37, 42, 145, 148, 187; iii. 329.
Canada, lost to France, i. 17, 22.
Canals, Bonaparte's scheme of, ii, 279.
Canino, Prince of. See [Buonaparte, Lucien].
Cannes, N.'s march through, on return from Elba, iv. [153], [154].
Canning, George, denounces N., ii, 144;
foreign secretary in Portland cabinet, iii. 69;
responsibility for the bombardment of Copenhagen, 70, 97;
despatches the fleet to the Baltic, 98;
demands the secret articles of Tilsit, 98;
fall of, 272;
policy of action against N., 284;
enforces Orders in Council, 378.
Canonical institution, the question of, iv. [390].
Canova, Antonio, makes statue of Empress Maria Louisa, iii. 300.
Cantonal assemblies, ii. 247.
Cape of Good Hope, taken by England from the Dutch, ii. 12, 38;
ceded to the Batavian Republic by treaty of Amiens, 233;
England's rights in, 262;
N.'s ambitions concerning, 289; iii. 308.
Cape St. Vincent, battle of, i. 456; ii. 62.
Cape Verd Islands, proposition to deport N. to, iv. [145].
Caprera, expedition against, i. 192.
Caprino, battle at, i. 412, 413.
"Captain," Nelson's ship in battle of Cape St. Vincent, ii, 62.
Capuchins, attempt to oust them from Corsican domains, i. 168.
Caraccioli, Adm. F. C., execution of, ii. 300.
Cardinals, the College of, transplanted to France, iii. 258, 263.
Carinthia, N. in, i. 434;
revolutionary sentiment in, ii. 42;
part of, ceded to France, iii. 239.
Carinthian Mountains, pursuit of Archduke John across the, iii. 212.
Carlsbad, Talleyrand at, iv. [224].
"Carmagnole," the, i. 244, 266.
Carniola, Charles guards road into, i. 432;
ceded to France, iii. 239.
Carnot, Lazare N. M., minister of war, i. 233, 279;
favors N., 299, 320;
reorganizes the French army, 240, 325, 332, 333, 379;
military policy of, 249;
removal of, 279;
escape of, 285; ii. 8, 27;
member of the Directory, i. 186, 330-333;
character, 330-333;
at battle of Maubeuge, 332;
plans the Italian campaign (1795), 346;
N.'s correspondence with, May, 1796, 364;
advises restoring the Milanese to Austria, 451;
relations with N., ii. 8;
desire for peace with Austria, 19;
Barras derides his suggestions, 19;
writes a justificatory pamphlet, 91;
development of his conscription scheme, 93;
reappointed minister of war, 130, 153;
influence on the fall of the Directory, 130;
military genius, 153;
detaches Lecourbe's force from Moreau's army, 168;
possible successor to N., 186;
influence on the Consulate, 195;
member of the tribunate, 243;
remonstrates against adulation of N., 295;
opposes the creation of the Empire, 321;
pensioned, iii. 297;
commissioned to write on fortification, 297;
invited to join in insurrection, iv. [149];
member of N.'s new cabinet, [159];
advises a dictatorship for France after Waterloo, [217];
member of the new Directory, [218].
Caroline, Queen of Naples, iii. 124;
on Maria Louisa's imprisonment at Schönbrunn, iv. [143].
Carpentras, lost to the Pope at peace of Tolentino, ii. 326.
Carrier, J. B., crimes of, i. 234;
opposes Robespierre, 251.
Carrion-Nisas, A. H., "Peter the Great," ii. 350.
Cartagena, Villeneuve ordered to, ii. 371;
rebellion in, iii. 154.
Carteaux, Gen., seizes Valence, i. 214;
besieges Avignon, 214;
takes Marseilles, 220;
captures Ollioules, 225;
besieges Toulon, 224, 225;
ignorance of military affairs, 227;
removed from command, 228.
Cassel, Blücher's military movements in, ii. 427;
restored to its former ruler, iv. [40].
Castaños, Gen. F. X. de, causes Dupont's surrender at Baylen, iii. 156;
position on the Ebro, 184, 185;
concerted French movement against, 185;
collects his troops at Siguenza, 185.
Casteggio, battle of, ii. 176.
Castellane, journal of, iii. 361.
Castelnuovo, disarmament of, i. 442.
Castiglione, battle of, i. 382; ii. 140;
Augereau's victory at, 323;
celebration of the battle of, 228;
Augereau created Duke of, iii. 86.
See also [Augereau].
Castile, French occupation of, iii. 286;
weakness of French forces in, 289;
reinforcements for Masséna ordered from, 289.
Castlereagh, Lord, secretary for war in Portland cabinet, iii. 69;
policy of action and bitterness against N., 284; iv. [145], [162];
prime minister of England, iii. 328;
inspires action by Bernadotte, 350;
becomes foreign secretary, 378, 417, 422;
dissatisfied with the Frankfort terms, iv. [42];
character, [42], [67];
at headquarters of the allies at Basel, [66];
influence in European councils, [67], [68];
under Metternich's influence, [68];
uneasiness at N.'s message to Francis, [75];
on the European policy of 1814, [89];
protests against the use of the imperial style by N., [133];
negotiates secret treaty between England, Austria, and France, [145];
protests to Talleyrand against violation of treaty obligations, [153];
retires from Congress of Vienna, [173];
letter from Lord Liverpool, June 20, 1815, [224].
Catalonia, French occupation of, iii. 156;
Duhesme evacuates, 157;
military government of, 279;
French possession of, 377.
Catharine of Würtemberg, marries Jerome Bonaparte, ii. 399; iii. 93, 94.
Cathcart, Gen. W. S., besieges Copenhagen, iii. 70;
heads English embassy to Russia, 351;
influences the armistice of Poischwitz, 417;
English minister at St. Petersburg, 417;
at Congress of Prague, 423.
Catherine II, policy of, i. 22; iii. 51, 309;
death of, i. 425, 452;
N. shatters a gift of, ii. 20;
N.'s admiration for, 347;
share in partition of Poland, iii. 309;
her life and work, iv. [251].
Catherine, Grand Duchess (of Russia), mentioned for marriage with N., iii. 180, 181;
marries the Duke of Oldenburg, 181, 278, 310.
Catholic emancipation, the question of, ii. 208.
Cato, statue at the Tuileries, ii. 147.
Cattaro, Alexander I's scheme for acquiring, ii. 356;
Russian occupation of, 405;
compensation for, iii. 56.
Caulaincourt, A. A. L. de, leads expedition to Offenburg, ii. 304;
Master of the Horse, 324, 425;
relations with N., 425; iii. 107; iv. [87], [105], [115], [134], [159];
conducts negotiations with Russia, iii. 87, 107-110, 113, 116-118, 165, 168, 169, 244, 310, 315, 318, 408-411;
connection with the d'Enghien murder, iii. 107;
N.'s instructions to, 115;
discusses partition of Turkey, 116;
explains Bernadotte's dilatoriness, 117;
reproved by N., 165;
friendship with the Czar, 165, 168;
ordered to ventilate the divorce question, 181;
conducts N.'s matrimonial negotiations in Russia, 247, 248;
explains the Austrian marriage to Alexander, 255;
recalled, 318, 326;
knowledge of Russia, 325, 326;
French commissioner at Poischwitz, 414;
at Congress of Prague, 423;
letter from Metternich, November, 1813, iv. [42], [45];
Minister of Foreign Affairs, [42];
letter to Metternich, Dec. 2, 1813, [46];
conducts negotiations at Châtillon, [67]-71, [74], [78], [87];
demands authority to treat after La Rothière, [69], [70];
blamed for not saving his country at Châtillon, [70];
letter from Maret, [87];
at council at St. Dizier, [103];
seeks peace at any price, [103];
seeks audience with Alexander, [116], [117];
at the abdication scene, [121], [122];
on commission to present abdication to Alexander, [124], [125], [126];
urges the regency, [126];
transfers his allegiance, [129];
N.'s declaration to, concerning his generals, [128];
memoirs of, [130];
records N.'s first attempt at suicide, [130];
member of N.'s new cabinet, [159];
member of the new Directory, [218].
Cautillon, attempt to assassinate Wellington, iv. [234];
N.'s bequest to, [234].
Cavallos, defends Ferdinand's position, iii. 143.
Cavalry, N.'s views on, and use of, i. 59; ii. 178.
Cayenne, wholesale deportations to, ii. 8.
Celibacy, N. on, i. 138.
Ceracchi, charged with conspiracy, ii. 235;
execution of, 241.
Ceraino, military operations near, i. 412.
Cerbeau, Du, i. 143.
Cervoni, i. 220, 233.
Ceva, battle of, i. 352-335.
Ceylon, retained by England, ii. 211, 262;
France guarantees its return to Holland, 289.
Chaboulon, Fleury de, sent to Naples, iv. [152];
reveals the state of France to N., [152].
Chabran, Gen., forces in Savoy, ii. 169;
crosses the Little St. Bernard, 171.
Chabrol, imperial prefect, iv. [106].
Chaillot, suspected plot of royalists at, ii. 303.
Châlons, N. leaves Paris for, iv. [53];
French concentration at, [58];
N. reaches, [58];
N. plans pursuing Blücher to, [65];
Blücher collects his army at, [73];
N. plans to attack Schwarzenberg at, [77];
Marmont ordered to, [91], [93];
the allies open new communications via, [97].
Cham, Archduke Charles makes a stand at, iii. 210, 216.
Chamartin, the French troops at, iii. 187, 189.
Chambers of Commerce, establishment of, ii. 220.
Chambéry, N. at, ii. 27, 30;
reinforcements for Augereau at, iv. [94].
Champagny, L. A., created Duke of Cadore, iii. 87;
appointed Minister of External Relations, 96, 132;
plenipotentiary at Altenburg, 238, 239;
succeeded in the Foreign Office by Maret, 318;
mission to Francis at Dijon, iv. [128].
Champaubert, battle of, iv. [63], [66].
Championnet, Gen., overthrows the Neapolitan throne, ii. 87;
disgraceful conduct at Naples, 92.
Channel tunnel, the, ii. 290.
"Chant du Départ," the, iv. [118].
Chaptal, J. A., member of the council of state, ii. 152.
Chardon, Abbé, on N.'s boyhood, i. 45.
Charenton, Marmont and Mortier driven back to, iv. [99].
Charette, institutes royalist retaliation on republican prisoners, i. 277.
Charleroi, military operations near, iv. [171], [173]-177, [179], [180], [196], [208];
N. at, [175], [177], [211], [239].
Charles, Archduke, defeats Jourdan, i. 385;
defeated by Moreau, 385;
campaign in the Tyrol, 425, 428;
ordered into Friuli, 426, 430;
military genius, 426; iii. 215;
guards Carniola, i. 432;
battle on the Tagliamento, 432;
on the river Mur, 434;
cut off from succor, 436;
letter from N., 435;
defeats Jourdan at Ostrach and Stockach, ii. 88;
effect of his successes, 89;
defeats Masséna at Zürich, 93;
defeated by Masséna at Zürich, 141;
withdraws temporarily from service, 160;
resumes command after Hohenlinden, 192, 358;
commanding Austrian army in Italy, 363;
reaches Marburg, 367;
position on the Adige, 367;
commanding Austrian troops from Italy, 380;
the throne of Spain offered to, iii. 166;
reorganizes the Austrian army, 198;
declares war against France, 199;
to operate in Bohemia, 199;
plans to rouse the German people, 199;
procrastinates, 199;
offensive movement in the Danube valley, 204;
N.'s plan for meeting, 203;
mistakes in the campaign of Eckmühl, 204-207;
crosses the Isar, 205;
a lost opportunity, 204;
plan of offense, 205;
marches against Davout, 205;
marches on Ratisbon, 205, 208;
force at Ludmannsdorf and Rohr, 207;
force at Moosburg, 207;
retires to Ratisbon, 209;
in battle of Eckmühl, 209;
retires before Davout, 209;
N.'s reasons for not pursuing after Eckmühl, 210;
crosses the Danube, 210;
makes a stand at Cham, 210, 216;
sues for peace, 211, 216;
junction with Hiller at Bisamberg, 212, 216;
seizes Ratisbon, 216;
at Budweis, 216;
indecision of, 216;
his line on the Danube, 216;
advance toward Wagram, 218;
attempts to break N.'s bridges, 219;
in battles of Aspern and Essling, 219-223;
conduct after Aspern, 223-225;
seeks the offices of diplomacy, 224;
battle of Wagram, 226-232;
withdraws toward Znaim, 230;
orders Archduke John to attack, 230;
pursued by N. and Marmont, 235;
asks an armistice, 235;
quarrels with the Emperor and John, 235;
resigns his command, 235;
at marriage of Maria Louisa, 256.
Charles Emmanuel, succeeds Victor Amadeus, i. 356;
retires to Sardinia, ii. 39, 87, 141.
Charles Emmanuel IV, invited by Russia to return to Turin, ii. 141.
Charles Ludwig Frederic, of Baden, marries Stephanie Napoleone, ii. 399.
Charles the Great, his work for civilization, ii. 157;
N.'s emulation of, 157; iii. 304, 306;
French longings for a modern, ii. 214;
restoring the empire of, 233;
reversion to state and titles of the reign of, 323;
coronation of, 325;
gift to the Papacy, 346;
his system of "marches," iii. 55;
N. resumes the grant of, 118;
magnificence of his empire, 131;
Spanish territory of, 133, 134;
his donation to Hadrian I revoked by N., 215;
his ideal, 319;
N. compared with, 319; iv. [292];
the second, iii. 330;
imitation of his times, iv. [165];
influence on Europe, [292].
Charles IV (of Spain), attachment to Godoy, ii. 204;
king of Spain, 289;
subserviency to France, and relations with N., iii. 71, 126-128, 141;
conspires against his son's succession, 71;
unites with N. in coercing Portugal, 119;
scheme to acquire Portugal, 120;
character, 124;
announces his son's conspiracy, 127;
blames the French minister at Madrid, 127;
correspondence with N., 128, 131, 133;
pardons Ferdinand, 127;
proposes to cut off Ferdinand's succession, 127;
N. reveals his policy to, 133;
panic-stricken at the French invasion, 133;
deposes Godoy, 135;
last days of his kingdom, 135;
abdicates, 136;
repudiates his abdication, 138, 145;
seeks Murat's protection, 138;
virtual prisoner in the Escorial, 142;
deposed, 144-148;
summoned to Bayonne, 145;
refuses Ferdinand's offer to surrender the crown, 145;
pensioned, 147;
restrains Gen. Solano's movements, 149;
at Compiègne, 148;
goes to Marseilles, 149;
weakness of, 150;
goes to Italy, 149.
Charles V, magnificence of his empire, iii. 131.
Charles X. See [Artois, Count of].
Charles XII of Sweden, military despotism of, ii. 118.
Charles XIII, king of Sweden, ii. 416;
succeeds Gustavus IV, iii. 280;
makes Bernadette his successor, 280;
under N.'s protection, 280;
feebleness of his rule, 317.
Charters, destruction of feudal, i. 109, 110.
Chartres, flight of the Empress and Joseph through, iv. [111].
Chartres, Duc de (Louis Philippe), scheme to place him on the French throne, iv. [148].
Chateaubriand, F. A., friendship with Mme. Bacciocchi, ii. 258;
literary works, 259;
envoy to Valais, 260;
a disciple of Rousseau, 259;
envoy to Rome, 260;
supposed sponsor for the Concordat, 260;
influence, 260;
his name omitted from the honor list of 1810, iii. 300;
on the new constitution, iv. [160].
Château-Thierry, French occupation of, iv. [63];
Blücher's retreat through, and sack of, [63], [64];
Macdonald's failure at, [72];
military movements near, [94].
Châtelet, military operations near, iv. [174], [177], [179].
Chatham, Earl of, compared with Carnot, i. 331;
policy toward France, ii. 208.
Châtillon, Congress of, iv. [68]-75, [79], [87], [88];
Caulaincourt's carte blanche at, [69], [70], [88];
rumored preliminaries of peace at, [73];
sends ultimatum to N., [74], [76];
closes, [76];
capture of some of the diplomats of, [95].
Chaumont, surrenders to one Würtemberg horseman, iv. [51];
treaty of, [76], [164];
military operations near, [90].
Chemnitz, the Saxon army at, ii. 424;
contemplated movements at, iv. [23].
Chénier, André, ii. 350.
Chénier, M. J., driven from the tribunate, ii. 243;
"Cyrus," 350;
suppresses his writings, iii. 88;
rewards for his literary work, 297;
opposes the empire, 300;
made inspector-general of the university, 301.
Cheops, Pyramid of, N., in the, ii. 66.
Cherasco, capture of, i. 354, 355.
Chevreuse, Mme. de, pert remark to N., and banishment, iii. 94.
Chimay, Princess de, i. 315.
See also [Tallien, Mme.]
China, N.'s attention turned toward, i. 78.
Chiusa Veneta, capture of fort at, i, 433.
Choiseul, C. A. G., refuses protectorate to Corsica, i. 16;
his policy toward Corsica, 20-22;
disgrace of, 43;
N.'s hatred for, 50;
scheme of Egyptian conquest, ii. 46.
Chouans, the, rebellion of, i. 277, 325, 449;
legislation against, ii. 94;
the Cadoudal conspiracy, 297 et seq.
Christian VII, imbecility of, iii. 70.
Christianity, N.'s confusion of ideas concerning, i. 76, 77.
Church, the, N.'s attitude toward, and relations with, i. 76, 77, 146, 147, 264; ii. 159, 173, 205, 206, 215, 246, 258, 265, 398, 407; iii. 68, 69, 85, 89, 118, 119, 154, 190, 215, 242, 243, 249, 258, 259, 262-264, 305, 306, 315, 377, 390;
demands for reform of, in Corsica, i. 116, 117;
enforced contributions by, at Ajaccio, 127;
attitude of the French governments toward, and relations with the nation, 244; ii. 91, 131, 216, 258, 325 et seq.;
N.'s study of the Gallican, i. 150;
reorganization of its property, 152;
changes in, 162;
sequestration of lands of, 161, 268, 269;
Louis XVI's support of, 268;
N.'s speculation in sequestered lands of, 288;
plotting in, 297;
question of allegiance of the clergy, 401;
relation to education, ii. 226-228;
influence in Austria and Germany, 264;
reconstruction in France, 318;
scheme for unity of, in Germany, 402;
archbishops created counts, iii. 87;
degradation in Spain, 123;
pillaged in Spain, 158;
repressed in the Tyrol, 201;
the bishops' court pronounces N.'s first marriage null, 253;
attitude toward N.'s second marriage, 258, 259;
the College of Cardinals transplanted from Rome to Paris, 258, 264.
Cicero, statue at the Tuileries, ii. 147.
Cintra, Junot surrenders at, iii. 157, 159, 186.
Cisalpine Republic, the, formation of, ii. 10, 21;
pillage of, 38;
treaty with France, March, 1798, 38;
the Valtellina incorporated with, 40;
recognized by Prussia, 43;
dissolution of, 83;
picks a quarrel with Sardinia, 87;
reëstablishment of, 173, 186, 231;
tribute levied on, 186;
question of a president for, 230;
English efforts to discredit France in, 264.
Cispadane Republic, the, i. 401, 402;
question of a constitution for, ii. 10.
Citadella, battle of, i. 388.
"Citizen," use of the term in France, ii. 194.
Citizenship, liberty, equality, and fraternity in, i. 110;
the primary duty of, 306.
Ciudad Rodrigo, Spanish defense of, iii. 284;
storming of, 290, 319.
Civil Code, introduced into Warsaw, iii. 67.
See also [Code].
Civil liberty, developed in inverse ratio to political liberty, ii. 223.
"Civism," i. 170, 180, 315.
Clacy, captured by N., iv. [79].
Clanship, i. 10.
Clarke, Gen., letter from N., Nov. 19, 1796, i. 399, 400;
at Montebello, 452;
meeting with N., 451;
mission to Vienna, 451;
French agent in treaty of Campo Formio, ii. 20;
recalled to Paris, 20, 23;
forbidden to enter Vienna, 42;
guardian to King Louis's widow, 233;
drives British ships from Tuscan harbors, 287;
created Duke of Feltre, iii. 86;
ordered to fortify the Spanish frontier, 126;
minister of war, iv. [106];
member of the Empress-Regent's council, [106], [108];
advises the flight of the Empress, [108];
prepares for defense of Paris, [109];
N.'s rage at, [115].
Clary, Eugénie Bernardine Désirée, proposal to wed N. to, i. 295, 312;
affianced to Duphot, ii. 39, 43;
marries Bernadotte, 43.
Clergy, the, position at outbreak of the revolution, i. 100, 101, 107;
attitude in Corsica, 115, 116;
N.'s attitude toward, and relations with, 124, 146, 147, 422, 423; ii. 11;
revolution among the clergy of Dauphiny, i. 143, 152;
constitutional reforms for, 153;
upheaval among, 162;
attitude of the Directory toward, ii. 2, 36;
transported to Cayenne, 8;
Talleyrand a leader among, 33;
released from the Jacobin ban, 131;
abolition of celibacy of, 206;
conformists and nonconformists to the civil constitution, 205, 215;
a "consecrated constabulary," 217;
restoration to the ecclesiastical fold, 346;
encourage rebellion in Spain, iii. 154.
See also [Church]; [Papacy]; [Pius VII]; [Rome].
Cleves, Prussia's price for, ii. 266;
ceded to France, 390.
Cleves and Berg, the Grand Duchy of, ii. 404;
French garrison in, 404.
Clichy Club, the, ii. 3, 5, 7, 23.
Coalition of 1813, centrifugal forces in, iv. [55]-58.
Cobenzl, Count L., Austrian plenipotentiary at Campo Formio, ii. 20;
at Congress of Rastatt, 28;
negotiates with France after Marengo, 189;
on universal conquest, iii. 43.
Coblentz, headquarters of French royalists, ii. 121.
Coburg, military operations near, ii. 428.
Cockburn, Adm. Sir George, conveys N. to St. Helena, iv. [227], [230].
Code Civil, its contravention by Jewish legislation, iii. 76.
Code Napoléon, the, ii. 221-225; iv. [296];
introduced into Parma and Piacenza, ii. 354;
abolition of the law of entail and primogeniture, iii. 85;
N.'s excuse for overruling, 85;
introduced into Holland, 277;
in Italy, iv. [40].
Code of Commerce, the, ii. 224; iii. 74.
Code of Criminal Procedure, the, iii. 224.
Coignet, Private, N.'s friendly familiarity with, ii. 196.
Coignet, writes of the entry into Berlin, ii. 438;
on the march to Russia, iii. 326;
reports demoralization after Dresden, iv. [12].
Coigny, Mlle. de, married to Savary, ii. 412.
Coimbra, military movements near, iii. 285.
Colborne, Sir J., in battle of Waterloo, iv. [209].
Col di Tenda, the French line at, ii. 160.
College of Cardinals, increased French representation in the, iii. 118.
College of France, the, ii. 226.
Colli, Gen., commanding Piedmontese troops, i. 353, 354;
reinforcements for, defeated, 354.
Collingwood, Adm. Cuthbert, his knowledge of the enemy's movements, ii. 370;
blockades Cadiz, 371;
at Trafalgar, 373.
Cologne, Macdonald entrusted with defense of, iv. [54].
Colombier, Caroline du, N.'s first love, i. 77, 149.
Colombier, Mme. du, i. 75, 149.
Colonization, Talleyrand's views on, ii. 33.
Colonna, represents Corsica in the National Assembly, i. 117, 118;
member of the Directory of Corsica, 133.
Colonna-Cesari, leads Corsican expedition against Sardinia, i. 192, 193.
Column of Vendôme, erection of the, iii. 74.
Comédie Française, members accompany N. to Erfurt, iii. 174.
Commerce, condition of, at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 102;
influence on the social life of the world, ii. 46;
encouragement of, 220;
revived by the peace of Amiens, 236;
improved condition of, 259;
the scope of British, 270.
Committee of Public Safety, usurps supreme power, i. 207;
aided by Carnot, 223;
Corsicans denounced in, 252;
keeps N. under surveillance, 255, 256;
plans expedition against Rome, 261;
abolished, 279, 289;
the new, 291, 292, 297;
appoints N. on military commission, 292;
proposes to transfer N. to Constantinople, 297;
considers policy of excluding English goods from the Continent, ii. 441;
difficulties with Mme. de Staël, iii. 297.
Communal list, the, ii. 126.
Compiègne, Spanish royal exiles at, iii. 148;
meeting of the Emperor with his Austrian bride at, 257, 258, 261, 268;
Blücher besieges, iv. [84].
Compignano, Countess of. See [Buonaparte, Marie-Anne-Elisa].
Compulsory loans, ii. 134.
Compulsory military service, i. 213.
Concordat, the, ii. 207, 215, 301, 326 et seq., 402; iv. [259], [294], [296];
service in honor of, ii. 215;
its effect in France, 216;
"the vaccine of religion," 216;
contempt of the Army of the Rhine for, 235;
the supposed sponsor for, 260;
effect in Germany, 264;
extension to Venice refused by Pius VII, iii. 68;
Venetia admitted to, 118;
undoing the work of, 119;
rupture of, 306.
Concordat of Fontainebleau, the, iii. 391, 392.
Condé, evacuation of, i. 222.
Condé, the Great, ii. 301.
Condé, Prince of, ii. 308.
Condorcet, J. A. N. de C., believer in equality of the sexes, ii. 226.
Conegliano, creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396;
Moncey created Duke of, iii. 86.
See also [Moncey].
Confederation of the Rhine, the, organization of, ii. 401-406, 417;
Hesse-Cassel refused admission to, 442;
levies of troops for France in, iii. 21, 196, 203, 322, 387, 394;
recognized at Tilsit, 54;
Saxony united with, 56;
relations with France, 73, 74, 279, 382;
additions to, 239;
called to arms by Prussia, 398;
proposed abandonment of French protectorate over, 407;
proposed dissolution of, 415;
proposed dynastic independence for sovereigns of, 422;
purpose of the allies to free, iv. [21];
resolved into its elements, [40];
forced by allies to raise military contingents, [54].
Confiscation, opposition to the reintroduction of, ii. 242;
principle of punishment by, iii. 295, 296.
Coni, surrendered to France, i. 355.
Connewitz, military operations near, iv. [27], [28].
Consalvi, Cardinal, negotiates the Concordat, ii. 207;
memorialist of Pius VII, 347;
dismissed from the papal service, 397.
Conscription, the, i. 275, 379; ii. 87, 93, 248, 306, 362, 409, 422; iii. 3, 21, 24, 25, 76, 77, 126, 132, 198, 291, 323, 326, 386, 387, 390, 414; iv. [21], [47]-51, [99], [165];
development of Carnot's scheme, ii. 93;
N.'s influence on the laws of, 248;
how enforced, 306;
Jewish evasions of the, iii. 76;
Jews made subject to, 77.
Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers, founded, i. 281.
Conservatory of Music, reorganization of, i. 281.
Constable, creation of the office of, ii. 322.
Constabulary, abolition of the, i. 142.
Constance, city of, ceded to Baden, ii. 391.
Constance, Lake, the Austrian camp on, ii. 365.
Constant, N.'s valet, iv. [134].
Constant de Rebecque, Henri-Benjamin, dreads a new Terror, ii. 94;
member of the tribunate, 151, 242;
driven from the tribunate, 243;
president of the council of state, iv. [159];
supports the chambers, [217].
Constantine, Grand Duke, in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 386, 387;
Bennigsen writes to, after Friedland, iii. 32;
leader of the peace party, 35;
at Tilsit, 52;
with the Army of the South, iv. [3].
Constantine the Great, N. likened to, ii. 329.
Constantinople, proposal to send N. to, i. 296;
N.'s eye on, 423;
proposed mission for Talleyrand to, ii. 66;
Russia to aid in defense of, 73;
N. given leave to march on, 72, 73;
fleet sent to relief of Acre from, 73, 74;
Russian ambition to acquire, 356; iii. 28, 64, 108, 113;
a British fleet at, 20;
French influence at, 33, 99;
proposed disposition of, after Tilsit, 55;
revolution in, 162;
England threatens to bombard, 321.
Constitutional checks, i. 106.
Constitution of 1799, prohibition against First Consul's military leadership, ii. 162.
Consular Guard, the, at Marengo, ii. 179, 180;
strengthening of, 277.
Consulate, proposed formation of a, ii. 102;
a disguised monarchy, iv. [287].
Continental System, the, ii. 288, 375, 400; iii. 98, 101, 160, 165, 197, 239, 249, 255, 262-281, 283, 287, 294, 303, 304, 310, 316, 323, 328-330, 377, 409, 420, 425; iv. [294];
England's policy against, iii. 100-102.
Copenhagen, battle of, ii. 209;
bombardment of, iii. 70, 97-100, 280.
Coppet, Mme. de Staël's residence at, ii. 411; iii. 298.
Corday, Charlotte, assassination of Marat, i. 234.
Cordova, French capture and abandonment of, iii. 156.
Corfu, N. proposes to seize, i. 447;
France's jealous care of, ii. 32;
Adm. Brueys ordered to, 62;
blockade of, 67;
Russian occupation of, 353, 356, 357, 405;
French occupation of, iii. 99, 109, 111;
English naval watch on, 111;
proposed expedition to Egypt from, 114.
Corizier, wounded at Acre, ii. 76.
Corneille, Pierre, N.'s study of, iii. 173; iv. [231].
Cornet, starts the proceedings of the 18th Brumaire, ii. 103.
Cornwallis, Lord Charles, character, ii. 263;
negotiates the treaty of Amiens, 263.
Cornwallis, Adm. William, junction of Nelson and, before Brest, ii. 359.
Corona, military operations at, i. 410, 414.
Correggio, A. A., plunder of the works of, i. 369, 374.
Corsica, external relations, i. 8-16, 24, 26;
physical features and population, 8-16, 39, 263;
Rousseau's views on, 9, 19;
the Buonaparte family in, 8, 27 et seq.;
feudalism in, 9, 18;
Paoli's share in history of, 15 et seq., 117-125, 127, 130, 132, 196-198, 204-207;
national heroes and patriotism in, 14, 42, 115, 117;
Jews in, 16;
French schemes concerning, expeditions against, and occupations of, 16-25, 79, 120, 122, 125, 154, 165, 201-208, 261, 342, 403, 421;
N.'s love for, residences in, schemes concerning, and peculiar relations to, 17-19, 50-53, 58, 81, 82, 87-92, 96, 112, 116, 117, 122-124, 133, 160-170, 183-187, 209-211, 233, 253, 254, 257, 340, 341; ii. 158, 250;
Montesquieu's views on, i. 19;
joins the Bourbon-Hapsburg alliance, 21;
ceded by Genoa to France, 22;
England's interests in, protectorate over, conquest and abandonment of, 23, 119, 124, 196, 205-208, 256-262, 402, 421;
disaffection, riots, and rebellion in, 25, 42, 83, 111-122, 139, 147, 166-170, 198, 254, 403;
compared with Sardinia, 25;
N.'s history of, 76, 86, 91-98;
introduction of silkworm culture into, 80;
the betrayal of, 98;
the Revolution in, 111-122;
scheme of liberation, 112 et seq.;
plan for elective council in, 114;
rival parties and classes, schemes and intrigues in, 114-122, 162, 163, 166, 169-170, 185, 190, 199-210;
desired reforms for, 116;
representation in the National Assembly, 116-122;
the council of twelve nobles in, 118;
Genoa's claims to, 120, 121, 126;
ecclesiastical and religious troubles, 128, 162, 168;
democracy in, 131;
meeting of the constituent assembly at Orezza, 131-134;
Bastia declared the capital, 134;
the National Guard in, 133, 139, 157-159, 185, 192;
N. leaves for Auxonne, 141;
N. mobbed in, 147;
customs in, 158;
N. leaves, 170;
expedition against Sardinia from, 189-193;
enforcement of the Convention's decrees in, 197;
Salicetti deserts the cause of, 201;
N. appointed inspector-general of artillery for, 202;
new commissioners sent to, 204;
the Buonapartes leave, 207;
success of revolt against the Convention, 216;
Convention commission for, 219;
N.'s expedition against, 233, 256-258, 262;
employment of refugees from, 252;
Salicetti blamed for insurrection in, 254;
wretched internal plight, 260;
charges against refugees from, 263;
N.'s last visit to, ii. 82.
Corsican Feuillants, the, i. 163.
Corsican Jacobins, the, i. 163.
Corso, Cape, Paoli's landing at, i. 125.
Corte, the town of, i. 15;
removal of seat of government from, 25;
Carlo Buonaparte at, 29-32;
a Paolist center, 116;
Joseph Buonaparte at, 161;
N. ordered to, 186, 203;
meeting between Paoli and N. at, 190;
N. a suspect at, 202.
Corunna, the junta of, iii. 158;
Moore's retreat to, and death at, 189;
England's tardiness at, 192.
Cossacks, military achievements of, iii. 9, 10, 13, 20;
harass the retreating French army, 362, 364;
relieve Hamburg, 402;
in battle of Leipsic, iv. [29];
in the campaign of 1814, [62];
advance to Nemours and Fontainebleau, [72];
at the battle of Laon, [79];
fears of, in Paris, [108].
Costa, letter from N. to, i. 186;
letter from Lucien to, 186.
Council of Ancients, the, i. 270.
Council of Juniors, the, i. 270.
Council of State, the, ii. 127, 149-152;
stripped of its supremacy, 247;
approves N.'s action against the Duc d'Enghien, 305;
its functions, iii. 83.
"Count of Essex," the, i. 86.
"Courier," the London, publishes Spanish manifesto of N., iii. 283.
Coustou, Abbé, attends Carlo Buonaparte's death-bed, i. 64.
Coxe's "Travels in Switzerland," N.'s study of, i. 150.
Cracow, ceded to the grand duchy of Warsaw, iii. 239;
Schwarzenberg seeks shelter in, 393.
Crancé, Dubois de, i. 223;
reorganization of the French armies by, 325;
organizes national conscription, 379.
Craonne, battle of, iv. [78].
Crema, withdrawal of the Austrians from Milan to, ii. 173.
Croatia, Austrian recruiting in, i. 386;
part of, ceded to France, iii. 239.
Cromwell, Oliver, N. disclaims the rôle of, ii. 112, 117;
the need of a second, in France, 119;
N. compared with, 230.
Cronstadt, Alexander fears for, iii. 98.
Crôsne, Sieyès accepts the estate of, ii. 130.
Crottendorf, military operations near, iv. [28].
Crusades, the, ii. 46.
Cuneo, associated with N. in Corsica, i. 117.
Custine, Gen. A. P., occupies Frankfort, i. 194;
defeat of, 194.
Cyprus, Sir Sidney Smith puts into, ii. 82.
"Cyrus," by Chénier, ii. 350.
Czartoryski, A. G., memoirs of, ii. 356;
Russian minister of foreign affairs, 356;
on the Russian policy in 1805, 381;
friendship with Alexander I, ii. 445; iii. 309, 383;
on the hereditary disease of the Romanoffs, iii. 50;
retirement of, 309;
schemes in regard to restoration of Poland, 309, 315, 383;
transfers faith from Alexander to N., iii. 315.
Czernicheff, Count, aide-de-camp to Alexander I, iii. 329;
N. offers terms to, 329.
D
Dagobert, N. in the iron chair of, ii. 328.
Dalberg, Archbishop, scheme to unify the German Church, ii. 402;
Prince-Primate, 402;
at the Erfurt conference, iii. 171;
receives Ratisbon in exchange for Frankfort principality, 266;
his territory erected into a grand duchy for Eugène, 322;
estimate of N.'s influence, 322;
characterization of Talleyrand, iv. [107];
at peace council in Paris, [114];
member of the executive commission, [114], [115];
attainted, [157].
Dalmatia, ceded to Austria at Leoben, i. 438;
alterations of boundaries near, ii. 21;
ceded by Austria to Italy, 391;
creation of hereditary duchy of, 395;
assigned by N. to Italy, 405;
N. offers to exchange, iii. 22;
French dominion recognized at Tilsit, 54;
Soult created duke of, 86
(see also [Soult]);
French strength in, 113;
proposed surrender of, to Austria, iv. [407].
Dalrymple, Sir H. W., retired from active service, iii. 186.
Damascus, garrison of El Arish ordered to, ii. 69;
reinforcements for Acre from, 71.
Danican, Auguste, royalist leader, i. 298;
the 13th Vendémiaire, 302.
Danilevsky, on the allies reaching Paris, iv. [110].
Danton, G. J., becomes head of the Jacobin commune, i. 187;
member of the National Convention, 188;
dictator of France, 194;
overawes the Girondists, 234;
murder of, 250.
Dantzic, military movements near, iii. 7, 10, 13;
siege of, 12, 19;
surrender of, 22, 28;
freedom restored to, 56;
independence of, 73;
Lefebvre created Duke of, 86
(see also [Lefebvre]);
Davout ordered to hold, 266;
French military stores in, 333;
Murat's position at, untenable, 385;
measures for the relief of, 393;
held by the French, 402;
Rapp commanding at, 402;
proposed new capital for Prussia, 409;
proposed division of the domain, 409;
proposed cession of, to Prussia, 415, 423.
Danube River, the, rebellion against Turkey on, ii. 48;
Kray retreats toward, 166;
proposed Indian expeditions via, 209;
military operations on, 363, 366, 367, 441; iii. 105, 113, 117, 163, 202-204, 206, 210, 212, 213, 216-221, 226, 227, 314;
Mack essays to cross at Günzburg, ii. 366;
the French march from the Rhine to, 376;
annihilation of Mortier on, 378;
N.'s line of retreat to, 425;
Russian successes on the lower, iii. 20;
N. plans redistribution of territories on, 50;
proposed Russian acquisitions on, 55;
topographical features, 217;
the crossing at Lobau, 217, 218, 221, 226, 227;
defeat of Russians by Turks on, 248;
Russia warned not to cross, 314;
Russian successes on, 320;
withdrawal of Russian troops from, 321;
effect of the rising of, at Essling, 383.
Danubian Principalities, proposed partition of, iii. 50;
Alexander's ambition to acquire, 105, 108, 116, 117;
N. offers to exchange them for Silesia, 106, 108, 112.
See also [Moldavia]; [Wallachia].
Dardanelles, the, Alexander I's scheme for seizing, ii. 356.
Darmagnac, Gen., invades Navarre, iii. 132;
seizes Pamplona, 132.
Darmstadt, relations with Russia, ii. 266;
strengthening of, 266;
quota of men, 404.
Daru, P. A. N., advises wintering in Moscow, iii. 352.
Daunou, P. C. F., dreads a new Terror, ii. 94;
ideas of government, 127;
named as consul, 130;
member of the tribunate, 151;
influence on the Consulate, 195;
driven from the tribunate, 243;
attempt to admit him to the senate, 243;
upholds Machiavelli's theses concerning the Church of Rome, iii. 262.
Dauphiny, the peasantry of, i. 143;
N. travels in, 143;
revolutionary feeling among the clergy of, 143, 152;
anti-royalist feeling in, iv. [154].
David, Abbé, arrest of, ii. 296.
David, Jacques L., painter, ii. 351.
Davidowich, Gen. P., defeated at Roveredo, i. 384, 385;
strength in the Tyrol, 387;
defeats Vaubois, 387, 388, 392;
retreats to the Tyrol, 392.
Davout, Gen. L. N., service in Egypt, ii. 53, 323;
service in the Army of England, 291;
created marshal, 323;
character, 364; iii. 93;
watches the Russian army, ii. 366;
in battle of Austerlitz, 380, 382, 386, 387;
at Nordhalben, 428;
at Naumburg, 429;
in battle of Jena, 430-434;
captures Wittenberg, 436;
sacks Poland, 440;
at Golynim, iii. 5;
strength in Poland, 7;
in the Eylau campaign, 13, 15-17;
in battle of Heilsberg, 29;
pursues Lestocq from Friedland, 31-33;
created Duke of Auerstädt, 86;
income, 87;
N.'s opinion of, 93;
recalled from Poland to Silesia, 165;
commanding in Saxony, 198;
Archduke Charles plans to attack, 198;
his command in the fifth Austrian war, 202;
forces in Stettin, Bayreuth, Hanover, and Magdeburg, 202;
to concentrate at Bamberg, 203;
commanding on the Isar, 204;
Archduke Charles marches against, 205;
to concentrate at Ingolstadt, 204-207;
movements before Ratisbon, 205;
on the Laber, 207;
in battle of Eckmühl, 208;
forces back Archduke Charles, 208;
battles of Aspern and Essling, 220-222;
battle of Wagram, 230, 231;
ordered to hold Baltic positions, 266;
revenue of, 296;
occupies Swedish Pomerania, 321;
letter from N., 324;
strength, March, 1812, 324;
reproved for his reports of Prussia, 326;
slowness of action at opening of the Russian campaign, 336;
drives Bagration eastward, 338;
battle of Borodino, 344;
on the retreat from Moscow, 357-359, 363;
battle of Wiazma, 359;
at Krasnoi, 365;
division commander under Eugène, 393;
in campaign of 1813, 402;
occupies Hamburg, 407, 413;
Vandamme goes to his assistance, 413;
to threaten Berlin, iv. [2];
N.'s instructions to, [5];
mediocrity of his troops, [20];
besieged in Hamburg, [55];
invited to join in insurrection, [149];
member of N.'s new cabinet, [159];
advises N. after Waterloo, [217];
suggests N.'s use of force, [218].
"Day of the Paris sections, the," i. 302-312.
Debry, J. A. J., N.'s friendship with, i. 293; ii. 88, 89;
member of Congress of Rastatt, 88;
wounded at Rastatt, 88, 89;
accusations against, 89.
De Bussy, in the La Fère regiment, iv. [78];
gives N. worthless information at Craonne, [78].
Décadi, decadence of the festival, ii. 258.
Decrès, Adm., French minister of marine, ii. 291;
letter from N., Sept. 13, 1805, 291;
warns N. against his career of conquest, iii. 325;
member of N.'s new cabinet, iv. [159].
Defermon, J., ii. 214.
Dego, battle of, i. 352, 353, 355; iv. [65].
Deichsel River, Blücher retreats behind the, iv. [7].
Delacroix, French minister of foreign affairs, i. 449;
French agent in the Netherlands, ii. 38.
Demagogues, disgust with, in France, ii. 134.
De Maistre, N. refutes his theory of social order, iii. 89;
on the supineness of Pius VII, 264.
Democracy, a pure, i. 131, 397;
Germany's opposition to, 247;
its good and bad qualities, iv. [265].
Denfort, royalist intrigues of, iv. [107].
Denmark, joins the "armed neutrality," ii. 194; iii. 46, 66;
proposed commercial war against England, 55;
N. calls for alliance with, 66;
importance of her sea power, 69;
ordered to declare war against England, 69;
England offers to seize her fleet, 69;
refuses England's offer, 69;
yields to Bernadotte, 70;
losses of Norway, Schleswig, and Holstein, 70;
yields to England, 70;
humiliation of, 70;
vassalage to France, 70, 279;
England seeks to conciliate, 98;
bombardment of Copenhagen, 97-100, 280;
Alexander I demands reparation for, 100;
N. urges England's restoration of her fleet, 104;
Spanish troops in, 159;
seizure of American ships by, 275;
hostility to England, 280;
holds Norway, 280;
friendly to France, 281;
despatches troops to Hamburg, 407;
shifts her assistance from Russia to France, 407;
strengthening the alliance between France and, 421.
Dennewitz, battle of, iv. [18], [19].
Denon, D. V., accompanies N. on his return from Alexandria, ii. 81.
Departmental list, the, ii. 126.
De Pradt, in charge of Polish affairs, iii. 375;
interview between N. and, at Warsaw, 375, 382;
royalist intrigues of, iv. [106], [108].
Desaix, Louis-Charles-Antoine, a product of Carnot's system, i. 332;
crosses the Rhine near Strasburg, 440;
defeats the Austrians in the Black Forest, 440;
service in Egypt, ii. 53, 60, 78, 81;
battle of the Pyramids, 60;
ordered to leave Egypt, 81, 177;
reaches Stradella, 177;
battle of Marengo, 176-186;
killed, 181, 187;
contrasted with Ney, iv. [213].
Desenzano, military operations near, i. 411.
Desgenettes, Dr., heroism at Jaffa, ii. 75.
Des Mazis, N.'s friendship for, i. 62, 65;
appointed to the regiment of La Fère, 66.
Dessau, captured by Lannes, ii. 436.
Dessolles, Gen., ii. 164.
"Destiny," N.'s, i. 79.
Deutsch-Wagram, Archduke Charles advances to, iii. 218.
See also [Wagram].
D'Hilliers, Gen., service in Egypt, ii. 53.
"Dialogue on Love," by N., i. 77, 145.
Diderot, Denis, co-author with Raynal, i. 75.
Diebitsch, Gen. H. K. F. A., encounters a Prussian force, iii. 384;
military adviser to Alexander, iv. [98].
Dieppe, landing of the Cadoudal conspirators near, ii. 298.
Diet, the, reduction of Austria's power in, ii. 193.
Digeon, Gen. A. E. M., seduced by Marmont, iv. [125].
Digne, N.'s march through, on return from Elba, iv. [154].
Dijon, N. visits, i. 146;
formation of an army of reserve at, ii. 140;
surrenders to the allies, iv. [67];
Francis in, [113], [128].
Diodorus Siculus, N.'s study of, i. 78.
Diplomacy, the language of, i. 21.
Dippoldiswalde, military movements near, iv. [11].
Directory, the, establishment of, i. 270, 305, 309, 329-331;
social life under, 280, 281;
Europe and, 324-338;
financial war policy, 340;
assumes to dictate military plans, 348, 354;
plans to belittle N., 363, 372;
entrusts N. with diplomatic powers, 364;
yields to N.'s plans, 364, 373;
contributions sent to, 366, 367;
plans for campaign in Germany, 384;
attitude toward Italy, 397-405;
N.'s relations with, 363-373, 397-405, 419, 422-427, 439, 441, 451; ii. 7, 26, 30, 34-37, 42, 49-52, 67, 72, 80, 88-99, 108; iv. [248], [249];
ratifies the treaty of Leoben, i. 441;
letters from N., April 19, 1792, 441;
May 27, 1797, 447;
Pitt's negotiations for peace with, 449;
refuses to treat with England, 450;
antagonism to the, ii. 2;
plot of Louis XVIII and Pichegru against, 5, 6, 7;
Moreau's relations with, 6;
gains complete control on the 18th of Fructidor, 8;
reliance on the army, 8;
effects of the 18th Fructidor on, 22;
attitude toward Italy and Venice, 23;
approves the treaty of Campo Formio, 24, 30;
relations with Talleyrand, 34;
members of, 35;
attitude toward emigrants, 36;
attitude toward clergy, 36, 41;
attitude toward royalists, 36, 205;
attitude toward the German ecclesiastical principalities, 41;
Eastern policy, 47;
Jacobinism in, 49, 94;
fails to secure alliance with Turkey, 67;
misunderstanding between the United Irishmen and, 67;
weakness, 68, 91;
desires the escape of the army in Egypt, 79;
reconstruction of, 83, 91, 92;
blunders in Italy, 87, 89;
corruption in, 91, 92;
Gohier president of, 97;
N. pays official visit to, on return from Egypt, 97;
relations with Moreau, 100;
last days and downfall, 103 et seq.; iv. [257], [258], [286];
Carnot's influence on its fall, ii. 130;
suppresses freedom of the press, 145;
incorporates Belgium with France, 153;
attitude toward Prussia, 155;
relations with Sieyès, 155;
liberty of conscience under the, 206;
suspends diplomatic relations with the United States, 212;
pretensions toward the United States, 211;
financial maladministration, 219;
recourse to forced contributions, 219;
plans for invading England, 290;
system of licenses for English goods, iii. 280;
difficulties with Mme. de Staël, 297;
organization of a new, iv. [218].
Divine right, kings by, ii. 407;
abolition of, in France, iv. [257].
Divorce, N.'s share in codifying the law of, ii. 222;
under the Code, 224;
N.'s advocacy of easy, 237.
Dnieper River, military operations on the, iii. 315, 336, 338, 339, 342, 364.
Dniester River, Turkish movements on the, ii. 441.
Doctoroff, Gen., in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 388;
in battle of Eylau, iii. 15.
Dôle, publications of N.'s literary work at, i. 145.
Dolgoruki, Prince, mission from Alexander I to N., ii. 382.
Dolgoruki, Princess, on N.'s receptions, ii. 196.
Dölitz, military operations near, iv. [29], [32].
Domination, the power of, iv. [248], [249].
Domo d'Ossola, Bethencourt near, ii. 172.
Don, River, proposed Indian expeditions via, ii. 209;
the Cossacks of the, iii. 13.
Donaueschingen, the Austrian headquarters at, ii. 160;
abandoned by Kray, 166.
Donauwörth, military movements near, iii. 203;
N. reaches, 205.
Donzelot, Gen F. X., in battle of Waterloo, iv. [201], [202], [203], [209], [210].
Dora Baltea River, Austrian force on the, ii. 170.
Dora Ridaria River, Austrian force on the, ii. 170.
Dornburg, military movements near, ii. 432, 434.
Dorothea, Empress-Dowager of Russia, disapproves N.'s proposed marriage to Anne, iii. 248;
hatred of N., 248.
Douay, N. ordered to, i. 79, 80.
Doulaincourt, N. at, iv. [105].
Doulevant, N. at, iv. [104].
Doumerc, Gen. J. P., moves from Sézanne against Blücher, iv. [62].
Dover, scheme of naval demonstration off, ii. 332.
Drac, River, iv. [155].
Draft, use of, in France, ii. 93.
Drave, River, military movements on the, i. 435; iii. 217.
Dresden, death of Moreau before, ii. 299;
N. at, iii. 65, 66, 67, 375, 389, 394, 409, 416, 417, 423; iv. [7]-10, [12], [13], [17]-21;
Bernadotte to concentrate in, iii. 203;
Saxon troops in, 203;
N.'s strategy at, 216;
seized by the Duke of Brunswick, 234;
meeting of the allied sovereigns at, 330;
the climax of the Napoleonic drama, 330; iv. [16];
N.'s incognito journey through, iii. 375;
interview between N. and Metternich at, 389;
interview between N. and Frederick Augustus at, 394;
French forces at, 393;
Eugène to hold, 393-394;
welcomes Alexander and Frederick William III, 399;
discontent at military occupation, 399;
retreat of the allies behind, 406;
destruction and rebuilding of the bridges at, 406, 407;
French occupation of, 408, 409;
defense of, iv. [2], [13], [17], [18];
held by Saint-Cyr, [7];
French advance to Zittau from, [6];
menaced by the allies, [7];
battle of, [8]-13, [17]-19;
demoralization of the army after, [12];
N.'s mistakes after, [14]-16;
N.'s physical ailments at, [12], [16];
N.'s successes at, [20], [21];
Schwarzenberg moves on, [18];
Oudinot at, [21];
Blücher advances on, [20];
boy soldiers at, [21];
N.'s retreat from, [22]-24;
N.'s scheme to hold, [23];
Frederick's love for, [25];
French garrison in, [25]-27;
Maret's influence over N. at, [69];
N. acknowledges his mistake in not making peace at, [135].
Drissa, weakness of, iii. 336;
Bagration establishes communication with, 336.
Drouot, Gen. A., in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 387;
battle of Leipsic, iv. [28], [32];
advises a return to Lorraine, [116];
attachment to N., [118];
strength after the surrender of Paris, [118];
accompanies N. to Elba, [134];
advises against the escape from Elba, [153].
Düben, N. at, iv. [25].
Dubois, Gen., in battle of Waterloo, iv. [203].
Duclos's "Memoirs of the Reigns of Louis XIV and Louis XV," N.'s study of, i. 150.
Duero, River, military movements on the, iii. 157, 159, 290.
Dufresne, ii. 214.
Dugommier, Gen. J. F., appointed commander-in-chief before Toulon, i. 229;
influence at Toulon, 232.
Dugua, Gen. C. F. J., service in Egypt, ii. 53;
in battle of the Pyramids, 60.
Duhesme, Gen. P. G., invades Spain, iii. 132;
at Barcelona, 132;
occupies Catalonia, 155, 156;
evacuates Catalonia, 157;
besieged in Barcelona, 183;
in battle of Waterloo, iv. [205].
Dulaure's "History of the Nobility," N.'s study of, i. 150.
Dumanoir, Adm., at Trafalgar, ii. 374.
Dumolard, J. V., interpellates the government as to N.'s independence, ii. 3.
Dumoulin, Jean, comes to N.'s aid at Laffray, iv. [156].
Dumouriez, Charles F., takes part in the conquest of Corsica, i. 120;
on the northeastern frontier, 184;
wins battle of Jemmapes, 194;
defection of, 198;
correspondence with Nelson, ii. 303;
suspected of royalist plots, 303, 305.
Dünaburg, preparations for the siege of, iii. 333;
Ney advances toward, 336.
Duncan, Adm. Adam, wins the battle of Camperdown, ii. 38.
Dunette, Gen., marches to relief of Paris, iv. [102].
Dunkirk, besieged by Duke of York, i. 222.
Duphot, Gen. L., affianced to Désirée Clary, ii. 39, 43;
killed at Rome, 39.
Dupont, Gen. Pierre, in battle of Friedland, iii. 31;
ordered to invade Spain, 128;
invades Spain, 132;
advances on Andalusia, 156;
holds the Tagus, 156;
capitulates at Baylen, 156, 157, 159, 167.
Durango, Blake advances from, iii. 184.
Duroc, Gen. G. C. M., wounded at Acre, ii. 76;
N.'s aide-de-camp, 101;
N.'s envoy to Prussia, 156, 282;
Grand Marshal of the Palace, 324;
offers Hanover to Prussia, 362;
personal attendance on N., 425;
proposes terms after Tilsit, iii. 36;
blamed for Queen Louisa's failure, 62;
proposes indemnity for Maria Louisa, 67;
created Duke of Friuli, 86;
at Bayonne, 144;
foresees France's discontent, 326;
killed at Reichenbach, 410-411;
N.'s grief for, 411;
N. contributes to monument to, iv. [5];
N. proposes to take the name of, [221].
Dürrenstein, destruction of Mortier's division at, ii. 368, 378.
Durutte, Gen. J. F., sent to Ligny, iv. [181];
battle of Waterloo, [201], [202], [205], [206], [210].
Düsseldorf, Jourdan's army at, i. 347;
Jourdan crosses the Rhine at, 385.
Dutch Flanders, ceded to France, i. 276.
Duteil, N.'s acquaintance with, i. 95;
N. seeks aid from, 157;
grants N. permission to sail for Corsica, 180.
Duteil, Gen. J., general of artillery before Toulon, i. 229;
on N.'s ability, 232.
Dutheil, N. F., devises plan of campaign for Austria and England, i. 342.
Dutot, takes N.'s place in the West, i. 293.
Duval's "William the Conqueror," ii. 350.
Duvernet's "History of the Sorbonne," N.'s study of, i. 150.
Dwina, River, fortifications on the, iii. 315;
military movements on the, 337, 341, 359. 361.
Dyle, River, military movements on the, iv. [188], [190].
E
East, the, N.'s attention turned toward, i. 78;
N.'s comparison of Europe with, ii. 46;
N.'s dreams of empire in. See also [Napoleon].
East Friesland, scheme to incorporate it with France, iii. 266.
East Galicia, part of, ceded to Warsaw, iii. 239.
East India Company, lends the island of St. Helena to the government, iv. [225].
East Indies, England watches French policy concerning, ii. 267.
East Prussia, Ney moves on, iii. 8.
Ebelsberg, battle of, iii. 211.
Ebrington, Lord, N.'s characterization of Cornwallis to, ii. 263;
N.'s declaration to, concerning the Duc d'Enghien, 311.
Ebro, River, military movements on, iii. 133, 157, 159, 183;
proposed exchange of territory on, 133;
boundary of French annexed territory, 278.
Ecclesiastical princes, N. on the status of, ii. 27.
Ecclesiastical principalities, secularization of, on the Rhine, ii. 193.
Ecclesiasticism, N.'s confusion of ideas concerning, i. 76.
Eckmühl, the campaign of, iii. 202 et seq.
Education, demands for, in Corsica, i. 117;
N.'s interest in, system and reforms of, 176; ii. 225-228, 318, 408; iii. 26, 89-91; iv. [260].
Égalité, Philip, member of the National Convention, i. 188.
Eglé, Mme., guardian of the Beauharnais children, i. 314.
Egypt, N.'s plans of conquest of, i. 424; ii. 17, 33, 46-54, 289; iii. 106;
scandals of Mameluke administration in, ii. 17, 47;
French schemes of conquest, 16, 46-54; iii. 112, 114;
importance of, ii. 46;
rebellion in, 47;
the expeditionary forces, 48-54;
scholastic branch of the expedition, 53;
plunder of, 55-57, 67;
departure of expedition from Toulon, 55;
character of the population, 57;
the Mamelukes, 58;
terrors of the campaign, 59;
the army disheartened, 61;
Nelson follows the French fleet to, 62;
N.'s rule in, 65-67;
N.'s religious masquerading in, 65-67;
establishment of printing-presses in, 66;
insurrection suppressed in, 67;
establishment of an Institute in, 66;
dearth of news from France, 67, 78;
rumors of N.'s death in, 68;
despatches from France, Feb., 1799, 72;
N. given leave to remain in, 73;
importance of N.'s conquering, 73;
Turkish preparations for the relief of, 74;
attempted risings in, 76;
Adm. Bruix sent to relieve the army in, 79;
N. returns from, 80-85;
the colonial idea, 81;
the turning-point of success in, 81;
Kléber prepares to evacuate, 143;
Desaix recalled from, 177;
desperate situation of the French in, 181;
Kléber's administration in, 181;
assassination of Kléber, 181;
French disasters in, 210;
restored to Turkey, 211;
England to evacuate, 262;
Turkey's suzerainty over, 262;
question of reëstablishing French colonies in, 273;
N. disclaims designs on, 280;
N.'s irritation at England's occupation of, 280;
Davout's campaign in, 323;
N.'s immoralities in, 328;
plan to allure Nelson to, 331;
the object of the expedition against, 337;
English commerce with, iii. 48;
English expedition to seize, 100;
French expedition against, in 1811, 308;
the tactics of the army in, adopted in Russia, 359;
N.'s desertion of the army in, likened to his conduct at Smorgoni, 375;
work on, compiled by N.'s order, iv. [219];
history of, [293].
Eichstädt, portion of, acquired by Grand Duke of Tuscany, ii. 266;
ceded to Bavaria, 391.
Eisdorf, fighting at, iii. 406.
Eisenach, military movements near, ii. 425, 427;
the allies outwitted at, iv. [35].
El Arish, siege and surrender of, ii. 69;
massacre of the garrison, 70;
treaty between Sir Sidney Smith and Kléber at, 181.
Elba, N.'s literary labors at, i. 177; iv. [159], [230]-232;
secured to France, ii. 204;
France to evacuate, 262;
Countess Walewska follows N. to, iii. 11; iv. [143];
the sentence of exile to, iv. [129];
the monarch of, [129], [133], [151];
N.'s journey to, [134]-141;
possibility of her not receiving the imperial exile, [135];
imperialist and royalist sentiment in, [141];
N. begins his new administration, [141];
N.'s life in, [141] et seq.;
Bourbon spies in, [142];
visitors to, [143];
scheme to deport N. from, [145];
N.'s escape from, [152]-154;
the naval patrol at, [153];
N.'s monograph on, [232].
Elbe, River, the, the Prussian base on, ii. 428;
key to the valley of, 437;
English blockade of, 441; iii. 48;
western boundary of Prussia, 56;
commanded by fortress of Magdeburg, 56, 57;
the kingdom of Westphalia created on, 56, 73;
preparations to oppose English landing on, 72;
French occupation of the coast near, 266;
military movements on, 393, 396, 406, 407; iv. [2], [6]-9, [18], [20]-26;
scheme of Hanoverian extension on, [399];
territory on, offered to Sweden, [399];
French recovery of the lower part, [407];
boundary of a neutral zone, [414];
exhaustion of the French on, iv. [19];
French garrisons on, [35].
Elbing, military movements near, iii. 8, 13.
Elchingen, Ney created Duke of, iii. 86.
See also [Ney].
"Elective Affinities," iii. 172.
Electoral Colleges, ii. 247.
Eliot, Sir Gilbert, viceroy of Corsica, i. 261.
Elliott, killed at Arcole, i. 399.
Elsfleth, escape of the Black Legion to, iii. 234.
Elster, River, the, military operations on, iii. 404, 405; iv. [20]-21, [27]-30, [33]-34.
Élysée, the, N. takes up residence at, iv. [159];
N. returns from Waterloo to, [216], [218].
Embabeh, battle of, ii. 59.
Embargo, the, ii. 287, 389, 400, 441.
Emigrants, plots by, i. 172, 277, 325; ii. 303;
confiscation of property of, and harsh legislation against, i. 172, 305, 316; ii. 94, 219;
the aristocrats of the, i. 213;
N.'s speculation in lands of, 288;
attitude of the Directory toward, ii. 2, 36;
N.'s secret dealings with, 9;
Talleyrand among the, 33;
encouraged to return, amnesty to, and indemnity for, 130, 245, 324, 411;
N. complains of England harboring, 271;
N. demands their expulsion from Naples, 357;
return to France under Louis XVIII, iv. [146];
banished again from France, [157].
Emigration, the, i. 109, 152, 155, 268.
Emperor of the Two Americas, the, iii. 120.
Empire, the French use of the term, ii. 248.
Empire of the West, N. threatens to resuscitate the, ii. 272.
Engen, battle of, ii. 166.
Enghien, Duc d', arrest and murder of, i. 179; ii. 241, 304-309, 312, 316, 331, 412; iii. 107; iv. [138];
monarchical schemes and plots of, ii. 239, 240, 301-305;
character, 301;
married to Princess Rohan-Rochefort, 301;
seeks service with England, 302;
residence at Ettenheim, 302-306;
prepares to retire to Freiburg, 302;
N. examines papers of, 305;
N. defends the execution of, 310;
N. blames Talleyrand for his murder, 311; iii. 197;
statements concerning N.'s connection with his murder, 196, 197;
N.'s self-blame for murder of, iv. [233].
England, France's emulation of, i. 22;
hampered by parliamentary opposition and American disquiet, 22;
the American uprising against, 23, 24;
Paoli's relations with, asylum in, and aid from, 23, 124, 169, 196-198, 205-207, 260;
gives aid to, establishes protectorate over, and takes possession of Corsica, 23, 119, 190, 205-207, 256-262;
transformation of parties in, 24;
N.'s study of history of, 78, 95, 114, 156;
sympathy with France in, 142;
French admirers of the constitution of, 143;
constitutional government in, 152;
closes the Scheldt, 194;
republican ideas in, 195;
effect of execution of Louis XVI in, 195;
hostility between France and, 195, 324; ii. 32, 35, 144, 208, 269, 273-285, 400, 401, 441; iii. 64, 110, 378;
N.'s ideas of serving, i. 207, 216, 317; ii. 15; iv. [255];
subsidizes European powers, i. 221; ii. 146, 187, 208, 263, 351, 358, 360, 375, 401, 421; iii. 284, 294, 398, 399, 417, 422-425; iv. [30], [31], [55], [67], [76], [164];
naval establishment, expenses, and activity, i. 221, 421; ii. 209, 290; iii. 236, 237;
captures Ollioules, i. 225;
in the defense and occupation of Toulon, 230, 239;
naval operations and power on the Mediterranean (other than specifically mentioned items), 239, 257; ii. 15-19, 56, 262; iii. 111, 112;
influence in Genoa, i. 243;
prints counterfeit French money in Genoa, 246;
fails to help the allies in Piedmont, 257;
N.'s attitude toward, Sept., 1794, 257;
naval supremacy, 257; ii. 15-17, 48, 63, 209, 290, 371, 375; iii. 47-49, 109-112, 267-268; iv. [41];
alliances with Austria, i. 276; ii. 156, 160, 188;
sends fleet to northern coast of France, i. 298;
subsidizes French royalists, 325;
the fleet driven from Leghorn, 373;
seizes Porto Ferrajo, 398;
insurrection in Corsica against rule of, 402;
blamed by N. for embroiling France and Austria, 435;
rupture of the coalition with Austria, 441;
military condition in 1796, 449;
desire for peace with France, and negotiations leading thereto, 449, 456; ii. 12, 86; iii. 271, 415;
interest in the Netherlands and Belgium, i. 450;
prestige, magnificence of empire, influence, independence, etc., of, 456; ii. 45, 55, 73, 209, 264, 297, 394, 401; iii. 45-49, 110-112, 189, 318, 420; iv. [38], [140];
defeats Spain at Cape St. Vincent, i. 456;
price of consols, March, 1797, 456;
effect of the treaty of Leoben in, ii. 12;
conquest of Dutch colonies, 12, 38;
N.'s personal hostility to, 14, 16, 188, 280-285, 330, 441-444; iii. 49, 65, 66, 88, 109-114, 308-309, 329, 352, 408; iv. [75];
speculations in Paris as to operations against, ii. 32;
financial condition, 32, 208;
Talleyrand expelled from, 33;
defeats Holland at Camperdown, 38;
acquires the Cape of Good Hope, 38;
protects Sardinia, 39;
N.'s schemes of invasion of, 48, 290-294, 328, 330-338, 358-362;
N.'s views on political history of, 50;
her Indian possessions, and French and Russian schemes to strike her through them, 52, 194, 209, 263, 273; iii. 110, 112-114;
naval operations at Acre, ii. 71, 73;
fleet at Alexandria, 79;
joins the second coalition, 90, 136, 143;
military operations in Holland, 91, 92; iii. 236, 272, 284, 294;
completion of the work of the Revolution in, ii. 139;
relations, negotiations, and alliances with Russia, 141, 210, 356, 357, 401, 406, 420; iii. 41, 49, 55, 71, 98-100, 102, 105, 117, 315, 321, 351, 392, 417;
reception of Russian soldiers in, after Alkmaar, ii. 141;
siege, capture, and occupation of Malta, and negotiations concerning its cession and tenure, 141, 193, 210, 262, 267, 273, 280, 284, 289, 351, 352, 356, 401;
attitude toward the Bourbons, 143;
declines to negotiate with N., 143;
prepares to invade France, 143;
denounced by N. as author of the war of 1799, 143;
debate in Parliament on N.'s accession as First Consul, 143;
hatred of revolutionary excesses, 143;
alliance with Portugal, 154;
opposes spread of revolutionary ideas, 157;
blockades Genoa, 165;
formation of the "armed neutrality" against, 194;
accused by Paul I of treachery, 193;
the Continental System and the embargo, N.'s commercial warfare against, 203, 205, 269, 287, 288, 347, 375, 389, 399, 441; iii. 45-49, 55, 64-65, 67, 71, 99, 102, 109, 165, 239, 265, 268, 280, 284, 293-294, 303, 304, 307, 328, 420
(see also [Berlin Decree]; [Continental System]; [Milan Decree]);
Portugal forced to withdraw from alliance with, ii, 205;
reply to the "armed neutrality," 209;
N.'s demands for colonial cessions, 210;
concludes peace with France, Oct. 1, 1801, 211;
retains Ceylon and Trinidad, 211;
treaty of Amiens, 210, 263, 266, 270, 273 et seq.; iv. [264];
treaty of commerce with the United States, 1794, ii. 212;
recognizes neutrality of United States, 212;
attempts to put down San Domingo insurrection, 237;
surrender of Rochambeau to, 237;
schemes for restoration of Charles X in, 240;
to evacuate Egypt, 262;
Paul I's antipathy to, 263;
efforts to discredit France in Europe, 264 et seq.;
disapproves N.'s reconstruction of Europe, 266;
appoints Lord Whitworth ambassador to Paris, 267;
refuses to admit French consuls, 270;
protests against the slave-trade, 269;
commerce of, 269, 276; iii. 46, 49, 120, 265-268, 280, 288, 294, 309, 316, 424; iv. [41];
position with regard to the Alien Act, ii. 171;
freedom of the press in, 270;
complaints against, of harboring emigrants and Bourbons, 271;
attacks of the French press on, 271, 294;
N. attempts to muzzle the press in, 270, 356;
N.'s answer to remonstrances from, 272;
occupation of Alexandria, 280;
suspects France's war preparations, 280, 282;
N.'s treatment of her representative, 280;
the royal message of March 8, 1803, 282;
the militia called out, March 10, 1803, 282;
diplomatic rupture with France, 285;
publication of Lord Whitworth's despatches in, 284;
declares war against France, May 18, 1803, 285;
declares embargo on French ships, 287;
commencement of hostilities, 287;
attacks Spanish commerce, 289;
panic in, 290;
plans for defense, 291, 329;
puts Caraccioli to death, 300;
interest in Jacobin insurrection, 300;
active diplomacy in, 301;
the Duc d'Enghien seeks to enter the service of, 302;
N.'s attempt to fix the death of Duc d'Enghien on, 311;
Pitt's return to power, 329;
nature of the war with, 329;
expulsion of her envoys from Stuttgart and Munich, 330;
naval aid from Portugal, 332;
war with Spain, Dec., 1804, 332;
acquires Trinidad, 332;
blockades Brest, 333;
Addington succeeded by Pitt, 337;
justice of the war with, 352;
European alliances, 351;
bad faith of, 351;
N. insists on no asylum for the Bourbons in, 356;
fails to secure Prussia's alliance, 358;
N.'s policy toward, 360;
author of the Third Coalition, 360;
Mack's ideas of her invading France, 365;
naval shortcomings, 370;
battle of Trafalgar, 373-376;
reception of the news of Austerlitz in, 393;
lethargy after Trafalgar, 399;
declares war against Prussia, 400;
Fox assumes power, 400;
N. considers peace with, 400;
Lord Yarmouth's negotiations, 404;
N. offers European territory to, 404, 405;
end of negotiations with, 405;
alliance with Prussia and Russia, 406;
demands the surrender of Sicily, 405;
proposal to give Hanover to, 418, 420;
state of war with Prussia, 422;
her vulnerable point, iii. 441;
"enemy's ships make enemy's goods," 441;
the soul of continental coalitions, 441;
right of search and impressment, ii. 441; iii. 48, 100;
Orders in Council, ii. 441; iii. 48, 100, 101, 265, 267, 272, 321, 378;
Turkey declares war against, iii. 20;
sends fleet to Constantinople, 20;
refuses subsidy to Russia, 20;
Afghanistan incited against, 21;
Persia stirred up against, 21;
proposal for a new coalition, 22;
naval operations in the Baltic, 24, 35, 36, 97, 98, 117;
withholds subsidies, 35;
troops in Pomerania, 36;
Alexander promises to oppose, 41;
opposed to Prussia's neutrality, 44;
necessity for N.'s humbling, 44-49;
France declares war against (1793), 47;
"All the Talents" ministry, 46;
Duke of Portland's ministry, 46;
commercial rivalry with the United States, 46;
the "rule of 1736," 46;
understanding with the United States, 47;
declares blockade from Brest to the Elbe, 42;
war with France (1803), 47;
decline of manufactures, 47;
failure of commercial negotiations with Sweden and Russia, 48;
French demands on, 55;
Russia to mediate between France and, 55;
seizes the Portuguese fleet, 67;
gains entrance to and is expelled from Leghorn, 67;
offers to seize Denmark's fleet, 69;
Denmark ordered to declare war against, 69;
threatens to make Spanish South American colonies independent, 71;
bombards Copenhagen, 70;
enmity of Alexander I to, 70;
Parliament compared with the French tribunate, 83;
decadence of primogeniture in, 84;
seeks to conciliate Denmark, 98;
Egyptian expedition, 100;
expedition to Buenos Ayres, 100;
Russia declares war against, 100, 102, 105;
retaliates on Russia by Orders in Council, 100;
announces blockade of European ports, 100, 101;
decline of trade with the United States, 101;
the war of 1812, 102, 322;
Austria's secret sympathy with, 104;
N. urges her restoration of the Danish fleet, 104;
N.'s desire for peace with, 104, 112, 159, 271, 392; iv. [46];
contempt for the blockade, iii. 109;
withdraws troops from Sicily, 111;
sends troops to Portugal, 111, 120, 122, 157, 283, 284;
supposed assistance to Sweden, 114;
proposed menace to, 113;
blockades the Russian fleet, 117;
promised coöperation of the Papal States against, 118;
Portugal enforces the Berlin and Milan decrees against, 119;
fate of her allies, 121;
supports the House of Braganza, 121;
outbreak of the Peninsular war, 123;
benefits accruing from the troubles in Spain, 131;
scheme to capture Cadiz, 133, 155;
negotiations with Austria, 163;
proposed humiliation of, 170;
plans of N. and Alexander at Erfurt concerning, 177;
N. fears an alliance between Turkey and, 177;
exasperated at the capitulation of Cintra, 186;
supposed plan to abandon Portugal, 187;
tardiness at Corunna, 192;
offers to subsidize Austria, 194;
Austria appeals for assistance to, 225;
escape of the Duke of Brunswick to, 234;
expedition to Flushing, 236-237;
necessity of bringing her to terms, 249;
N.'s allegations against, 260;
the lesson of Trafalgar, 264;
paper blockade by, 268;
the neutralization system, 267;
licenses violations of the Orders in Council, 267;
Louis opens negotiations with, 271;
rejects Fouché's agent, 271;
loss of trade with Portugal, Spain, and Triest, 272;
threatened with loss of trade with Hanseatic towns and Holland, 272;
United States prohibition of commercial intercourse with, 274;
the Walcheren expedition, 272, 284, 294;
N. proposes that she withdraw the Orders in Council of 1807, 272;
proposal that she send joint expedition with France to establish Louis XVIII in America, 271;
seizure of American ships by, 273;
Fouché's English-Dutch conspiracy, 273;
destruction of her wares on the French borders, 279;
Denmark's hostility to, 280;
divided councils in, 284;
expedition to Sicily, 284, 294;
finds support in Spanish popular feeling, 283;
strength of forces in the Peninsula, 284;
attitude toward affairs in the Peninsula, 288;
depreciation of the currency, 294;
expedition to Spain, 294;
Mme. de Staël in, 299;
N. hopes to meet her on the sea, 304;
threatened with bankruptcy, 304;
exchange of prisoners with, 307;
her colonial interests, 309;
Russia opens her ports to, 316;
refuses N.'s offer of peace in Spain, 319;
armistice with Russia, 321;
threatens to bombard Constantinople, 321;
under Castlereagh's leadership, 328;
to be driven from Spain, 328;
arouses Sweden against France, 350;
negotiates peace between Turkey and Russia, 350;
distracted condition of politics in, 377;
naval defeats, 378, 379;
United States declares war against, 378;
assassination of Mr. Perceval, 378;
negotiates treaty between Russia and Spain, July, 1812, 392-393;
in grand European coalition against N., 392;
Metternich's negotiations with, 395;
returns to Pitt's policy, 399;
abandons Hanoverian schemes, 399;
proposal to bleed her colonies, 408;
proposed isolation of, 408;
the allies' reliance on, 422;
guarantees a war loan, 417;
treaty with Prussia, June 14, 1813, 417;
treaty with Russia, June 15, 1813, 417;
issues paper money, 417;
to be kept out of the continental peace, 419;
Metternich proposes that she continue the war, 419, 420;
commercial agreement with Sweden, 424;
influence in Holland, iv. [30], [41];
determination to crush France, [31];
at the Congress of Frankfort, [41];
proposal that she hand back French colonies, [41];
"maritime rights," [41], [45];
prolongation of the war in Spain, [51], [52];
desire to establish equilibrium in Europe, [67];
signs treaty of Chaumont, [76];
effect of the triple alliance on, [76];
troops occupy Bordeaux, [87];
party to the treaty of Fontainebleau (April, 1814), [133];
distinction in, between the two Napoleons, [133];
N. contemplates taking refuge in, [135];
N.'s eulogy of her civilization and chivalry, [140];
negotiates secret treaty with Austria and France, [145];
regency in, [161];
lack of suitable leaders in, [161];
her dynastic alliances, [161], [162];
effects of N.'s restoration on, [162];
member of the Vienna Coalition, [164];
campaign of Waterloo, [170]-173;
losses at Waterloo, [214];
claims the glory of annihilating N., [214];
watches the harbor of Rochefort, [220];
N. throws himself on the generosity of, [221];
reasons for N.'s surrender to, [222]-223, [227];
asylum for political refugees, [223];
intolerance of death penalty for political offenses, [225];
resolves to banish N., [225]-229;
N. desires to acquire citizenship in, [226];
sympathy for N. in, [227], [230];
passes special acts for government of St. Helena, [228];
N.'s last wishes for, [233];
the Seven Years' War, [261], [297];
character of the wars with France, [265];
N.'s struggles with, [297];
wars with the United States, [300].
English Channel, the, marching French troops to, ii. 24;
naval operations in, 52;
obstacles to N.'s crossing, 291;
N.'s hope to hold, 332;
French plans for seizing, 334;
Villeneuve ordered to, 359;
Villeneuve's attempt to enter, 371.
Enns, River, military operations on the, ii. 367; iii. 216.
Entail, restoration of the right of, iii. 82;
abolition of the law of, 84.
Enzersdorf, military operations near, iii. 219, 220, 227.
Enzersfeld, military movements near, iii. 217.
Épernay, captured by the allies, iv. [94].
"Epochs of My Life," i. 82.
Eppes, Marmont at, iv. [79].
Equality, N.'s affectation of love for, ii. 30;
one of the meanings of the word, 221.
Equality of citizenship, decreed, i, 110.
Erasmus, tomb of, iv. [247].
Erding, battle of, iii. 211.
Erfurt, military movements near, ii. 425;
the Duke of Brunswick at, 427;
fall of, 436;
meeting of N. and Alexander at, iii. 170 et seq.;
treaty of, 177, 236, 244, 248, 315;
N.'s maladroitness at, 177, 178;
N.'s vacillation at, 180, 181;
the conference at, 193, 194;
Alexander redeems his promise made at, 236;
offered to Alexander and refused by him, 288;
the throne of, offered to the Duke of Oldenburg, 307;
Alexander offers to exchange Oldenburg for, 328;
French troops ordered to, 328;
French forces at, 393;
N. goes to, 401;
plan of winter quarters at, iv. [23];
Saxon and Bavarian troops at, [35];
Murat deserts at, [56].
Erlon, Gen. d., in the Waterloo campaign, iv. [170], [176], [186];
battle of Quatre Bras, [181]-187;
N.'s expression of indignation at Ney to, [187];
battle of Waterloo, [200], [202], [206].
Erskine, Lord, on England's attitude with regard to France, ii. 144.
Escoiquiz, Canon, tutor to Ferdinand VII, iii. 124;
letter to N., Oct. 12, 1808, 124, 127;
defends Ferdinand's position, 143;
notified by N. of Ferdinand's deposition, 145;
infamy of, 150.
Escorial, Godoy's intrigues at the, iii. 127;
Charles IV a virtual prisoner in, 142.
Escudier, J. F., commissioner of the National Convention, i. 219.
Esdraelon, battle on the plains of, ii. 72.
Esla, River, military movements on the, iii. 188.
Espagne, Gen. J. L. B., in battle of Aspern, iii. 220.
Espinosa, defeat of Blake at, iii. 185.
Essarts, Ledru des, evacuates Meaux, iv. [99];
seduced by Marmont, [125].
"Essay on Revolutions" (Chateaubriand's), ii. 259.
Essen, Gen. H. H., in campaign of Eylau, iii. 13.
Essenbach, military operations near, iii. 206.
Essling, battle of, iii. 219-222, 225-228, 232;
N. exposes himself at, 240-241;
effect of rising of the river at, 383.
Essling, Prince of. See [Masséna].
Essonne, River, military operations on the, iv. [116].
Essonnes, N. at, iv. [105];
Marmont at, [124];
Marmont's defection at, [128].
Establishment of St. Louis, the female academy at St. Cyr, i. 182.
See also [St. Cyr].
Estates, the, meetings at Versailles, i. 96, 107.
Estates, the three, i. 44;
in the seventeenth century, 107.
Estates-General, meetings of the, i. 86, 106, 107;
fusion of the three bodies, 108;
troops ordered to control the, 108.
Esterhazy, Prince, at the marriage of Maria Louisa, iii. 256.
Étoges, battle of, iv. [65];
military movements near, [64], [94].
Etruria, creation of the kingdom of, ii. 205;
death of King Louis, 233; iii. 67;
exchanged for Louisiana, ii. 272;
under French protection, 357;
N. calls for alliance with, iii. 66;
neutrality of, 66;
scheme to incorporate in Italy, 120;
proposal that Lucien take the crown of, 129;
abdication of the Queen Regent, 128;
incorporated into the kingdom of Italy, 129;
the crown offered to Ferdinand VII, 145;
N.'s disposition of, 164.
Ettenheim, residence of the Duc d'Enghien at, ii. 302;
reputed emigrant conspiracy at, 303;
Ordener's expedition to, 304;
arrest of the Duc d'Enghien at, 305;
Caulaincourt's mission to, iii. 107.
Eulen Mountains, military movements near, iv. [413].
Euphrates, proposed military operations on the, iii. 113.
Europe, movement of civilization in, i. 2;
the revolutionary epoch and spread of revolutionary ideas in, 2, 100 et seq.; ii. 44, 86, 156;
absolutism, its decay and abolition, i. 67; iii. 278; iv. [162], [254], [292];
aroused feelings, concerted movements, and coalitions against France, i. 142, 325, 441; ii. 51, 67, 86, 90, 136, 142, 145, 194, 209, 330, 348; iii. 72, 106, 377, 382, 394, 396, 400, 417; iv. [145], [146], [161]-163;
N. on the sovereigns of, i. 156;
the Directory and, 324-338;
neutrality of northern, 341;
conditions of civilization and warfare in (1796), 349;
the destinies of, dependent on fate of Italy, 351, 385;
N. a citizen of, 404;
schemes of reconstruction of the map of, 425; ii. 265, 355, 402; iii. 51, 55, 56, 72, 73, 199, 399, 422; iv. [3], [6], [144], [145];
schemes of pacification of, i. 447; ii. 203, 213, 356; iii. 307, 382, 408, 414, 415, 419-421; iv. [75];
France's foreign policy, in, ii. 2;
schemes of Napoleonic and French empire over, 10, 29, 214, 272, 336, 354; iii. 108, 114, 408;
N. on the freedom of, ii. 31; iii. 82;
N.'s relations to, and influence on, ii. 37, 137, 213, 272; iii. 179; iv. [133], [298];
upheavals in the politics of, ii. 40-45, 255;
compared by N. with the Orient, 46;
general armament of (1798), 68;
N.'s visions of military domination in, 73;
situation of affairs at close of 1799, 86;
jealousy in, concerning the Mediterranean, 136;
N. the destroyer of, 144;
influence of England in, and her subsidies to the powers of, 145, 187, 209, 263, 351, 359, 360, 374, 400, 421; iii. 284, 294, 398, 417-425; iv. [30], [31], [55], [68], [76], [164];
situation of affairs at beginning of 1800, ii. 152 et seq.;
efforts of the Directory to extend the French system in, 155;
Prussia's place in, 155; iii. 18;
military situation in (1800), ii. 160;
the "armed neutrality," 194;
reduction of Austria as a power in, 194;
the old dynasties and the dynastic idea in, 194, 269, 317; iii. 65, 153, 162, 199, 200, 416; iv. [44];
anxiety in, as to permanency of peace of Amiens, ii. 261;
destruction of the balance of power, 266;
N.'s warning to, March 13, 1803, 284;
N.'s views on continental conquest, 290;
N.'s notification to, in the murder of the Duc d'Enghien, 316;
the embargo, blockades, and other commercial warfare in, 334, 347, 376, 441, 442; iii. 48, 49, 55, 98-102, 109, 140, 279, 280, 307, 328
(see also [Berlin Decree]; [Continental System]; [Milan Decree]);
outbreak of war in 1805, ii. 348;
N. arrayed against, 351;
the price of the hegemony of, 392;
Fox upholds existing sovereignties in, 404;
necessity of colonial produce to, 441;
Russia's ambition to be included in, iii. 45;
general warfare in, 47;
English monopoly of commerce, 46;
law of colonial trade, 46;
Alexander I on politics of, 52;
St. Petersburg holds the peace of, 65;
N.'s hopes of a coalition in, against England, 65;
general Sanhedrim of, 76;
influence of the peace of Tilsit on, 95;
a moment of universal anarchy for, 104;
the situation in, 117, 118;
power of the word "legitimacy" in, 148;
growth of the national idea in, 154, 162, 200, 268; iv. [292]
(see also [Germany]; [Prussia]);
the right of force in, iii. 164;
the French idea of their great cause in, 214;
views on N.'s second marriage, 256;
publicity of N.'s domestic concerns throughout, 277;
system of private confiscations, 296;
rejoicings over the birth of the king of Rome, 301, 302;
the condition of, set forth in N.'s reply to the Paris Chamber of Commerce, 303-305;
N.'s coast system of protection 307;
apprehensions of war in, 315, 318;
tendency toward rupture of the peace of, 317;
the Russian march of French troops over, 330;
N.'s scheme for two powers in, 329;
responsibility of Kutusoff for bloodshed in, 374;
Austria a pivotal state in, 403, 409, 411;
N. desires to avoid the reprobation of, 414;
a neutral zone for, 414;
peace congress of, 415;
nervousness among the allies, iv. [5];
Prussia acquires the hegemony of continental, [37];
distrust among the allies, [40], [41];
the commercial key to central, [42];
struggle for manhood suffrage in, [43];
exactions of the allies in central, [54], [55];
the armed forces of, Jan. 1, 1814, [55];
jealousies among the powers, [57], [58];
England's desire to establish equilibrium in, [68];
military outrages in, [102];
mobilization of troops, [165];
notified that the Empire means peace, [165];
possible consequences of N.'s success at Waterloo, [213];
the doctrine of legitimacy, [224];
France the teacher of, [253];
abolition of feudalism and ecclesiasticism, [254];
progress of reform in, [263];
a bellicose age in, [264];
influence of Charles the Great on, [292];
the armies of modern, [295];
the alliances of, [295];
the national politics of, [298].
Eutritzsch, military operations near, iv. [29].
Exagérés, the, i. 234.
Executive Council, establishment of the, i. 188;
military preparations by, 194.
Exelmans, Gen. R. J. I., corresponds with the Emperor, iv. [148];
in Waterloo campaign, [173].
Extravagance, at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 105.
Eylau, the campaign of, iii. 12 et seq.; iv. [173];
the causes of N.'s weakness at, iii. 26;
the grand army after, 45;
the lessons of, 341.
F
Family relations, under the Code, ii. 223.
Fanaticism, iv. [263].
Fauvelet, N.'s school friend, i. 178.
Faypoult, G. C., French political agent in Genoa, ii. 10.
Feltre, creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396;
Clarke created Duke of, iii. 86.
See also [Clarke].
Feraud, murder of, 284.
Ferdinand, Archduke, commanding Austrian army in Germany, ii. 363;
escapes into Bohemia, 366;
at Ulm, 366;
commanding in Bohemia, 380;
invades Poland and captures Warsaw, iii. 199, 201;
vicissitudes in Poland, 212;
evacuates Warsaw, 212;
on the way to Charles's assistance, 225.
Ferdinand of Parma, ii. 205.
Ferdinand I, King of Naples, ii. 357; iii. 319.
See also [Ferdinand IV].
Ferdinand III, flees to Vienna, ii. 87.
Ferdinand IV, position in 1797, i. 421;
evacuates the Papal States, ii. 204;
compelled to restore plunder, 204.
Ferdinand VII (see also [Asturias, Prince of]), letters to N., iii. 137, 143, 149;
seeks N.'s favor, 137, 150;
enters Madrid, 138;
doubtful recognition of his throne, 140;
hinted order that he go to Bayonne, 142;
at Vitoria, 143;
revulsion of Spanish feeling against, 143;
goes to Bayonne, 143, 144, 145;
N.'s attitude toward, 142-151;
orders for his arrest, 144;
deposed, 144-148;
character, 146, 149, 150;
offers to surrender his crown, 146;
the crown of Etruria offered to, 145;
trial at Bayonne, 146;
popularity in Spain, 146, 154;
pension and grant to, 147;
in virtual custody of Talleyrand, 148;
cowed into submission, 147, 151;
asks N.'s adoption and permission to appear at court, 261;
release of, iv. [52];
relapses into absolutism and ecclesiasticism, [52].
Fère-Champenoise, the Emperor at, iv. [87];
military movements near, [91];
retreat of the French through, [99].
Fermo, consolidated with the kingdom of Italy, iii. 118.
Ferrara, the Pope prepares to recover, i. 398;
new scheme of government for, 402;
surrendered to France, 422;
ceded to Venice at Leoben, 438;
incorporated in the Cisalpine Republic, ii. 21.
Ferrol, reported junction of French and Spanish fleets at, ii. 359;
blockade of, 359;
Villeneuve's retreat to, 371;
supposed English schemes at, iii. 187, 188.
Fersen, Count, essays to represent Sweden at Congress of Rastatt, ii. 27.
Fesch, Joseph, i. 32;
childhood with N., 40;
appointed to seminary at Aix, 44;
N.'s correspondence with, 55, 79, 141;
enters the priesthood, 64;
returns to Corsica, 112;
literary collaborator with N., 124, 147;
member of the constituent assembly at Orezza, 131;
custodian of N.'s papers, 139;
supplanted as head of family by N., 161;
radical leader at Ajaccio, 184;
leaves Corsica for Toulon, 207;
in commissary department at Toulon, 208;
storekeeper in commissary department, 225;
escapes arrest, 254;
at Aix, 291;
conforms to the civil constitution, ii. 206;
archbishop of Lyons and cardinal, 258;
reënters the church, 258;
Grand Almoner, 324;
selects a physician for N., iv. [232].
Feudal System, in Corsica, i. 9, 18;
remnants of the, 67;
absorption of its power in the French crown, 100;
abolition of, 110, 152, 193; ii. 224; iii. 85, 189, 190; iv. [254];
the oath of the Legion of Honor concerning, ii. 246;
N.'s influence on, iii. 322;
French hatred of, iv. [43].
Feuillants, the, i. 153;
form a ministry, 174;
fall of the ministry, 179.
Fichte, J. G., member of the reform party in Prussia, ii. 416;
influence on Prussian regeneration, iii. 103.
Fifth Regiment (French), N. offers himself to the bullets of the, iv, [155].
Fifty-second Regiment (English), in battle of Waterloo, iv. [209].
Figueras, captured by the French, iii. 132.
Filangieri, Gaëtano, N.'s study of, i. 78.
Finance, an occult doctrine of, iii, 390.
Finisterre, Cape, Calder encounters Villeneuve off, ii. 359.
Finkenstein, N. at, iii. 18, 24, 25;
Persian envoy at, 18.
Finland, Russian ambition to acquire, iii. 37, 98, 113, 168, 176;
Russia's claims to, recognized at Tilsit, 55;
acquired by Russia, 64, 236, 248, 268, 310, 316;
Russian invasion of, 115, 116;
Russia threatened with the loss of, 314;
offered to Sweden by N., 321.
Fioravente, Gen., captured at Verona, i. 443.
First Consul, the office of the, ii. 127.
Fischbach, military movements near, iv. [18].
Fismes, N. aims to strike the Prussians at, iv. [77];
Marmont rallies his troops at, [81], [82];
junction of Marmont and Mortier at, [93];
Marmont retreats to, [100].
Fitz-James, Edward, royalist intrigues of, iv. [107].
Fiume, reoccupied by Austria, i. 435;
seized by N., 434;
N. proposes to cede, iv. [423].
Five Hundred, the, i. 270;
their representation of public sentiment, ii. 1;
inquiry in, as to N.'s independence, 3;
its members proscribed, 8;
Jacobin majority in, 94, 97;
Bonapartes among, 95;
Lucien Bonaparte elected president, 97, 105;
N. at the meetings of, 18th and 19th Brumaire, 106, 111-120;
counterplots against N. among, 109;
opposition by, 110-120;
meeting of Bonapartist members of, 118;
adopts the Consulate, 123;
deposition of members, 125;
rewards among, for complacency, 125.
Flahaut, Gen. A. C. J., sent to seek Marmont's advice, iv. [116];
advises a return to Lorraine, [116];
bearer of despatch from N. to Ney, [186].
Flanders, N. in, i. 79;
N. journey to, iii. 312.
See also [Austrian Netherlands]; [Batavian Republic]; [Dutch Flanders]; [Holland]; [Netherlands].
Fleurus, battle of, i. 273;
Jourdan's victory at, ii. 323;
military operations near, iv. [173], [175], [180];
N. at, [180], [185].
Florence, the Buonaparte family in, i. 27, 30, 44, 45;
position in the French empire, iii. 279;
sends deputation to Paris, iii. 380.
Flushing, Holland's indemnity for, ii. 154;
English capture of, iii. 237;
N. builds ships at, 237.
Fombio, battle of, i. 359.
Fontainebleau, Pius VII, at, ii. 340;
treaty of, iii. 70;
social vices at, 92;
treaty of (Oct. 10, 1807), 104;
N.'s court at, 108, 245, 301;
diplomatic negotiations at, 118;
treaty of (Oct. 28, 1807), for partition of Portugal, 119, 120, 121, 133, 149, 151;
N.'s harsh treatment of Josephine at, 179;
imprisonment of Pius VII at, 243, 377, 390, 391;
the decree (of Oct. 18, 1810), iii. 279;
the Concordat of, 391, 392;
military movements near, iv. [68], [72], [104];
N. at, [105], [116], [158];
N. reviews the Guard at, [116], [117];
treasonable utterances of the marshals at, [119];
scene of N.'s abdication, [120]-122;
council of war at, [128];
treaty of (April, 1814), [133]-136, [137], [139], [144]-146, [152];
N. leaves, for Elba, [139].
Fontanes, Marquis de, oration on Washington by, ii. 148;
retires from presidency of the senate, iii. 294;
grand master of the university, 294.
Fontenaye, Mme. de, i. 315.
See also [Tallien, Mme].
Forchheim, N.'s base, ii. 424.
Forez Regiment, the, i. 143.
Forfait, P. A. L., Secretary of the Navy, ii. 130.
Förstgen, military operations near, iv. [20].
Fort Bard, ii. 171.
Fort Carré, N.'s confinement in, i. 253-255.
Fortification, N.'s essay on, iv. [232].
Fort Luco, fires on French ship at Porto di Lido, i. 443, 446.
Fort Mulgrave, capture of, i. 230.
Fouché, Joseph, describes atrocities at Toulon, i. 233;
opposes Robespierre, 251;
Minister of Police, ii. 92, 323, 412;
joins the Bonapartist ranks, 106;
detection of plots by, 110;
N.'s confidence in, 149;
attitude toward the conspirators of Nivôse, 241;
suspected of Jacobinism, 241;
disgraced, degraded, and banished, 241, 277; iii. 180, 275;
character, ii. 277; iii. 193, 253, 267, 271; iv. [148];
instigates Moreau's letter to N., ii. 299;
urges action against Bourbon plotters, 304;
ordered to supervise correspondence from the army, iii. 25;
created Duke of Otranto, 87;
licenses vice in Paris, 92;
whips in the nobility to the imperial court, 93;
favors Ferdinand VII, 125, 126;
share in the matter of Josephine's divorce, 179, 180;
raises national guards for service in the Netherlands, 237;
on the second marriage of N., 253;
advocates alliance with Russia, 253;
member of extraordinary council on N.'s second marriage, 253;
raises troops to repel the Walcheren expedition, 253;
the superserviceable Mephistopheles of the empire, 271;
intervenes in Holland's negotiations with England, 271;
English-Dutch conspiracy, 275;
returns from exile in Italy, 326;
memorializes against war, 326;
warns N. of the fate of Charles XII, 326;
recalled to active service, 421;
double intrigues of, iv. [149];
neutrality of, [157];
member of N.'s new cabinet, [159];
military conspiracy of, [161];
plots against N., [165], [166];
attitude after Waterloo, [217], [218];
member of the new Directory, [218];
refuses responsibility for N.'s safety, [219].
Fougé, Mme., N.'s relations with, ii. 329.
Fouquier-Tinville, A. Q., execution of, i. 272.
Fourcroy, A. F., member of the council of state, ii. 152, 214;
organizer of the educational system of France, 227, 228.
Fourth Artillery, treason in the, i. 173.
Fourth Regiment, N.'s service in the, i. 149, 159.
Fox, Charles James, on French military successes, i. 275;
reports N. as favorable to peace, ii. 273;
defends France in Parliament, 273;
visits N. at Paris, 273;
bias toward France, 282;
lays aside French sympathies, 292;
secretary of state, 394;
becomes prime minister, 399;
declares war against Prussia, 400;
negotiations with N., 400, 404;
supposed peace policy of, 401;
upholds the claims of existing sovereignties in Europe, 404;
compelled to adopt Pitt's program, 405;
death, 405; iii. 46.
Foy, Gen. M. S., Masséna's envoy to Paris, iii. 287, 289;
brings orders for reinforcements, 289;
in the Waterloo campaign, iv. [171];
battle of Waterloo, [199].
France, convention with Genoa regarding Corsica, i. 17, 21;
emulation of England, 22;
her colonial ambitions, possessions, and losses, 21, 450; ii. 4, 237, 271, 281; iii. 55, 85; iv. [295], [296];
precedent for her aid to American colonies, i. 23;
relation of the army to the throne, 67;
N. studies her history and politics, 78, 95, 176;
N.'s bitterness against, 80, 81, 92, 122, 136;
outbreak of the Revolution of 1789 in, 100 et seq.;
social conditions and customs, the domestic relations, etc., 100-110, 193, 266, 290; ii. 45, 194-198, 200, 213, 223, 318; iii. 75-79, 87-90, 159-161, 388-390, 392; iv. [48], [49], [259]-262, [295]-296;
financial troubles, issues of paper money, financial policies and reforms, i. 105, 289, 327; ii. 48, 134, 186, 219, 229, 318, 409-411; iii. 25, 74, 78, 79, 197, 294, 295, 304-305, 388-390; iv. [259];
declared a limited monarchy, i. 106;
the rise of popular government, 109;
destruction of feudalism, 110; iii. 85, 322;
adoption of the tricolor, i. 109;
the end of absolutism, 119;
the title and position of the king, 119, 151, 158;
Corsica and Navarre joined to, 120;
disorganization of the army, 140;
changes in, 140-144;
patriotism, spirit of national unity, military enthusiasm, etc., 140, 155, 158, 195, 266-270, 326; ii. 146, 156, 225, 319; iii. 6, 7, 198, 323, 324, 386, 387; iv. [73], [171];
the first stage of transformation in, i. 150;
famine, 151;
the problem of government, 151-154, 158;
geographical reconstruction, 152;
failure of reform, 153;
split on the subject of monarchy, 153;
the national oath, 155;
fear of war, 155;
vicissitudes of royalism in;
Bourbon and anti-Bourbon sentiment and intrigues, 155, 268, 278, 297; ii. 8, 22, 95, 130, 235, 301; iv. [49], [50], [81], [113]-115, [126];
desertion of troops to Austria, i. 173;
anarchy, 173, 234;
outbreak of insurrection, June 20, 1792, 174;
the republic, 176;
expected coalition against, 187;
efforts at and failures of constitutional government, 187, 268; ii. 92, 101, 112, 121, 245; iii. 294, 295; iv. [157], [159], [166], [257]
(see also specific constitutions mentioned infra);
abolition of the monarchy, i. 189, 194, 267; ii. 317;
declaration of the republic, i. 189;
establishment of an executive council, 189;
political parties, 188;
the republican calendar, 188; ii. 258, 346, 406;
the dictatorship, i. 194;
preparing for foreign war, 194;
declares war against England, 195;
N.'s personal relations with and influence on;
the likes and dislikes of the French people for N., 209-211, 323, 369; ii. 29, 97, 133, 142, 152, 185, 199, 215, 218, 272, 293, 329; iii. 1, 2, 25, 65, 73-75, 79, 80, 160, 168, 315, 316, 379, 380, 386, 387; iv. [41]-45, [48]-50, [53], [54], [101], [102], [123], [124], [131]-133, [146], [147], [150], [152], [233], [255], [256], [259], [260], [263], [293], [298];
civil war, i. 212 et seq.; ii. 142, 145;
massacres, i. 234;
militarism, 249-251, 306; ii. 73; iii. 160;
difficulties of a new political program, i. 267-271;
confiscation of lands, 268;
adoption of ancient Roman governmental systems, 270;
the Directory, 270, et seq.;
land and labor troubles, 272;
purging of the army, 275;
military successes, 275;
territorial ambitions, 276;
suspected influences in the army, 278;
the constitution of 1795, 278, 293, 297, 299, 304-308, 309, 330-333; ii. 1, 92, 96;
reaction in, i. 280;
condition of the press, 281; ii. 145, 254, 271, 294;
growth of science, literature, and the arts, i. 281; iii. 26, 88-91, 297, 300;
woman in, i. 290;
British views of affairs in, 297;
English fleet on northern coast, 298;
military dictatorship, 305;
parties, 305;
the regicides in, 309;
coalitions against, 324; ii. 40, 86, 90, 136;
cursed by absolutism, i. 327;
the popular conception of its boundaries, 327;
struggle for and achievement of liberty and civil rights, 326-329; ii. 126, 136, 261, 293, 317; iii. 82, 83; iv. [38], [160], [295];
the 13th Vendémiaire, i. 328;
foreign policy, 329;
intestinal troubles, 329;
military dictator of Europe, 333;
condition at opening of 1796, 333;
a new lease of national life for, 340;
military strength and recuperative power, 344-349; ii. 9, 13, 14, 160; iii. 27, 28, 323, 324, 387-389; iv. [47], [48], [50], [59], [60], [102], [103], [105], [148];
vicissitudes of her naval power, i. 345-349; ii. 331, 334, 359, 360, 370, 375; iii. 314, 315; iv. [75];
apex of revolutionary greatness, i. 351;
preëminence in Europe, 351;
rejoicings over Lodi, 361;
foreign populations well disposed toward, 387;
Eastern policy, 423; ii. 47;
dissatisfaction with treaty of Leoben, i. 441;
desire for peace, ii. 1, 140, 187, 243, 394; iii. 112, 197; iv. [19], [52], [157];
suicide among naval officers, ii. 3;
internal administration, offices and office-holders, and public works, 3, 127, 149-159, 217-228, 271, 273; iii. 74, 91, 160, 249, 296, 297, 301; iv. [48], [296];
the 18th of Fructidor, ii. 8;
martial law in, 8;
punctiliousness in exacting war indemnities, 13;
exasperation at England's mastery of the seas, 16;
aspirations toward "liberty of the seas," 16;
educational methods and reforms, 34, 225-228; iii. 26, 89-91; iv. [261], [296];
N. constructive commander-in-chief, ii. 36;
makes war only against tyrannical dynasties, 42;
schemes of world-conquest, 46;
popular ideas concerning the Egyptian campaign, 67;
N. summoned to take supreme command, 80;
elections, May, 1799, 91;
relations between Church and state, religious sentiment, the clergy, etc., 91, 131, 205, 206, 215, 224, 227, 258, 318, 398; iii. 67, 90, 119, 306, 388, 391; iv. [147], [160], [253], [259], [296];
fears of a revival of the Terror, ii. 92;
the draft in, 93; iii. 387
(see also [Conscription]);
arbitrary tariff in, ii. 93;
thirst for glory and booty in, 93, 105, 268, 361; iii. 6, 82, 323; iv. [49], [248];
the constitution of 1799, ii. 96, 100, 118, 126, 136, 148, 149, 150, 162, 242, 246, 261;
"the pear is ripe," 98, 103;
need of a Cromwell, 119;
feelings of the various parties, 122;
adoption of the Roman consular system, 123;
the plebiscite of Dec. 15, 1799, 128, 136;
the new charter, 129;
compulsory loans, 134;
disgust at demagogues, 134;
results of the upheaval of Brumaire, 133;
taxation methods and reforms, 135, 153, 220, 349; iii. 78, 305, 389;
end of the provisional Consulate, ii. 137;
two policies open to N., 137;
confidence in the new administration, 140;
English preparations to invade, 143;
the inveterate foe of England, 146;
salaries of the First Consul, consuls, and other officers, 150;
the legislative system, 149-153, 242; iii. 83
(see also titles of its various branches);
the judicial system, and legal abuses and reforms, ii. 149-153, 222-224, 306, 319; iv. [260], [295];
isolation against England and Austria, ii. 156;
N.'s scheme of leadership among nations, 156;
her fate identified with that of N., 158;
inefficiency of the department of war, 165;
use of the term "citizen," 194;
public festivals, 195;
use of the term "empire," 194, 248;
the center of a system of republics, 205;
characteristics and temperaments of her people, 205, 254, 261, 315; iii. 260; iv. [44], [171], [254];
satisfaction with the peace of Amiens, ii. 213;
N.'s reorganization of, 213 et seq.;
aspirations toward a European empire, 214;
position in Europe in 1801, 214;
political centralization, 218, 293; iii. 160; iv. [92], [97], [260], [294];
usury in, ii. 219; iii. 75, 77; iv. [48];
speculation in, ii. 219;
the Ministry of the Interior, 218;
crime in, 218;
confiscation of crown and emigrants' lands, 219;
levy of forced contributions by, 220;
revival of the public credit, 220;
commerce, agriculture, and industries in, 220, 272, 349; iii. 75, 76, 160, 249, 265, 295, 303, 304, 377; iv. [48];
compared with the Roman empire, ii. 222;
tendency toward one-man government, 229;
discontent of the republicans, 230;
tendency toward a paternal government, 235;
the Consulate compared with the Roman empire, 235;
plebiscite on question of hereditary consulship, 245, 247;
prerogatives of the government, 248;
her cup of satisfaction full, 248;
N. the personification of, 251;
autocratic power of the government, 254;
restoration of public confidence, 259;
sanctions N.'s schemes of European reorganization, 265;
arbitrary shipping regulation, 270;
protective policy, 270;
restores the slave-trade, 270;
sequestrations of English property in, 270;
influence of the bourgeoisie, 278;
prepares naval armaments, 280;
importation of English goods into, forbidden, 288;
disregard for treaty stipulations, 288;
seizure of English prisoners of war in, 288;
declares embargo on British ships, 287;
failure of the Revolution to give political freedom to, 293;
effect of Moreau's fate on the moderate republicans, 300;
police system, 300, 412; iv. [260];
law of treason in, ii. 306;
indignation over the death of the Duc d'Enghien, 311;
the days before the empire, 317 et seq.;
N.'s conception of the empire, 317, 318;
question of consular heredity, 317;
reforms in, 318;
creation of the empire, 322 et seq.;
the constitution of 1804, 322;
the question of hereditary empire, 322;
imperial titles in, 322;
creation of marshals, 323;
N.'s civil list, 323;
the imperial heraldic device, 323;
N.'s distinction between the state and the empire, 324, 396, 404;
scheme of a great empire, 330;
her generals and admirals contrasted, 334;
blockades European ports, 334;
destruction of the Pope's hopes for ecclesiastical matters in, 346;
restoration of the Gregorian calendar, 346;
European apprehensions as to her assumptions, 348;
decline in government bonds, 349; iii. 24; iv. [48];
union of the crowns of Italy and, ii. 352;
position in the European balance, 354; iii. 46;
military commanders, ii. 364;
naval power shattered at Trafalgar, 375;
preëminence of, 393;
the court of (1806), 406, 411;
the imperial catechism, 408;
venality of officials, 410; iii. 295;
continental conquests, ii. 441;
right of search and impressment, 441;
the supports of the empire, iii. 24;
likened to a cephalopod, 24;
founding of military factories, 25;
declares war against England (1793), 47;
colonial trade, rule of 1756. 47;
closes harbors to English ships, 47;
to mediate between Russia and Turkey, 55;
desire for naval allies, 66;
effect of the treaty of Tilsit in, 72;
her European relations, 73;
lays other countries under commercial tribute, 74;
journeys of the Emperor and Empress through, 74;
the Semitic question in, 75-77; iv. [259];
panic of 1805, iii. 78;
appreciation of government bonds, 79;
prosperity, 80;
creation of hereditary legislators, 82;
the right of entail, 82, 85;
the aristocracy, 85-87;
creation of a noble class, 86, 87;
salaries of ministers and ambassadors, 87;
the prefecture, 89;
restriction of commerce with the United States, 102;
lack of an heir to the throne, 112;
proposed supremacy in Europe, 114;
secret compact with Spain for partition of Portugal, 119;
negotiates for rights in Spanish colonies, 133;
welcome to the grand army in, 182;
rival schools of history in, 196;
the army and nation exhausted, 224;
discontent in, 233, 249, 325; iv. [49]-52;
cession of Austrian territory to, iii. 239;
growing independence of the nobility, 250;
absolutist tendency, 256;
enthusiasm over N.'s second marriage, 258-261;
transplantation of the ecclesiastical establishments from Rome to, 258, 263;
creation of the papal departments of Rome and Trasimenus, 262, 263;
overpowered by England at sea, 264;
monopolies in, 267;
violations of the Continental System in, 266;
scheme to incorporate new lands into, 266;
seizure of American vessels by, 275, 321;
part of the North Sea coast incorporated into the empire, 278, 287;
enlargement of the empire, 279;
vassal states, 279;
a central bureaucracy in, 279;
proposal to incorporate Spain into, 282;
the natural extensions of, 282;
principle of punishment by confiscation, 295;
Russian discrimination against goods from, 288;
enthusiasm in, over birth of the King of Rome, 302;
the successor to the Frankish dominion of Charles the Great, 304;
military expenses, 305;
revenue from contributions, 304;
the war method of replenishing the treasury, 305, 308;
exchange of prisoners with England, 307;
expeditions against Sicily, Egypt, and Ireland, 308;
Russia's virtual declaration of war against, 312;
effect of the Continental System on industry, 323;
"flying columns," 323;
admiration for the empire in, 323;
general confidence in, 326;
intrigues leading to the Russian campaign of 1812, 328-332;
scarcity of provisions in, 329;
Malet's conspiracy, 361, 376;
revolutionary spirit in, 375, 376;
effect of the Russian failure in, 377;
civil officials whipped into line, 379;
relief for soldiers' families, 379;
plan of regency for, 380;
reception of stragglers from Russia in, 386;
the stimulus of bad news in, 386;
seizure of communal domains, 389;
proposed "guard of honor," 390;
N. threatens to abolish the legislature, 390;
value of the Austrian alliance to, 390;
possibility of N.'s becoming king of, 400;
proposed territorial concessions by, 408;
scheme to confine her to the west bank of the Rhine, 423;
exhaustion of, iv. 1;
demoralization of the marshals, 13;
military reverses, 19;
revulsion of feeling of Bavaria and Saxony regarding, 19;
England's determination to crush, 31;
death throes of the empire, 37;
her "natural boundaries," 41;
the Frankfort proposals as to territorial changes, 42-45;
hatred of dynastic rule, 43;
failure of popular sovereignty, 43;
hatred of feudalism, 43;
movement for the expulsion of the invaders, 44;
publication of the allies' proclamation in, 45;
losses of the wars of 1812-1813, 47;
the home guard, 50;
radical agitation in, 49;
"sedentary" volunteers, 50;
panics, 51;
imperialist sentiment in, 52-55;
invaded by the allies, 53 et seq.;
disaffection in the National Guard, 53;
schemes of the allies for invasion of, 54, 57, 68;
the allies determine to confine her to her royal limits, 68;
the Czar's determination to conquer, 68;
proposal that she continue the war with England, 75;
attempt to confine N. to the boundaries of royal, 77;
marauding excesses of the allies, 85;
irregular warfare in, 99;
empty arsenals in, 106;
the dissolution of the empire, 110;
proposed forms of government for, 114;
under three forms of government, 115;
the provisional government seeks the Emperor's death by assassination, 119;
regeneration of, 121;
proposed perpetuation of the empire, 120;
N. renounces the throne of, 131;
pensions N., 131;
the virtue of the French burgher, 141;
fails to pay N.'s pension, 142, 144, 150;
formation of the new upper chamber, 146;
restored to position of a great power, 146;
Louis XVIII's constitution, 146;
change of public opinion, 146-150;
comparative expenses of the kingdom and the empire, 147;
return of the emigrants to, 147;
restriction of the suffrage, 147;
release of prisoners of war, 147;
"paternal anarchy" in, 147, 149;
abolition of orphan asylums, 148;
N.'s march through, on his return from Elba, 158-162;
visions of a reunited, 157;
N.'s plans for, on returning from Elba, 157;
returned emigrants banished from, 157;
N. the "liberator" of, 157;
the apostle of popular sovereignty in, 159;
abolition of privilege and divine right, 160, 257;
the new cabinet, 159;
reconstruction of the House of Peers, 160;
promulgation of the Additional Act, 160;
plebiscite in, 160;
the specter of war in, 161, 166;
bitterness of the nobles, 166;
pledged to self-defense only, 168;
reconstituted corps of marshals, 167;
the "French fury," 171;
Austrian and Prussian schemes for the humiliation of, 214;
Carnot advises a dictatorship for, 217;
organization of a new Directory, 218;
demands for N.'s abdication, 218;
appointment of committee of public safety, 218;
the allies in, 219;
the White Terror, 222;
reconstruction, 224;
confiscation of the imperial domain, 233;
the Revolution in, 253-255;
the teacher of Europe, 254;
the heir of Rome, 253;
enthusiasm for principle, 254;
the Third Estate, 259, 261;
overthrow of the old régime, 260;
Protestantism in, 259;
the new régime, 260;
tendency toward revolution, 261;
the Terror, 262;
conspiracies in, 263;
rupture of the treaty of Amiens, 264;
trial of a single-headed government, 265;
abandonment of the people to N.'s purposes, 265;
character of the wars with England, 265;
the French tradition, 290;
present conditions of government, 295;
hopes for the future, 295;
progress between 1802 and 1815, 296;
N. the forerunner of modern, 295;
the Seven Years' War, 297.
See also names of persons or places connected with events in, passim.
Francis I (Emperor of Austria), scheme of territorial aggrandizement, i. 325;
opposes the army of the Rhine, 342;
greed for Italian territory, 425, 438; ii. 141;
prepares for flight into Hungary, i. 437;
offers N. a principality and settled income, ii. 19;
declines to send diplomatic agent to Paris, 42;
N. writes personal letter to, 142;
military plans for 1800, 160;
letter from N. to, June, 1800, 187;
his claims of empire, 329;
dismemberment of his empire, 352;
advised of N.'s seizure of the crown of Italy, 352;
declares war against France, Sept. 3, 1805, 363;
attempts negotiations with N., 368;
inaugurates peace negotiations, 381;
secures an armistice, 389;
interview with N. after Austerlitz, 389; iii. 38; iv. 30;
proposes to continue the war, ii. 390;
abandons his Germanic crown, 404;
outwitted by Andréossy, 444;
resolves on neutrality, 445;
attitude during the Eylau campaign, iii. 21;
N. offers Silesia to, 22;
his "divine right," 38;
character, 38;
the Czar's influence with, 166;
N. demands that he disarm, 169;
compact between Russia and France against, 176;
reproached by N. from Erfurt, 178;
decides to strike N. during his Spanish difficulties, 194;
abused by N., 213, 251;
treatment of Hungary, 214;
seeks aid of Frederick William, 225;
fails to secure advantage after Aspern, 225;
obstinacy of, 225;
his position after Wagram, 232;
hopes of continuing the war, 235;
assumes command of the army, 235;
trusts to dilatory negotiations, 236;
concedes N.'s demands, 236;
gets no support from Alexander, 236;
proposal that he abdicate, 238, 251;
peace negotiations between N. and, 238;
angered at the treaty of Schönbrunn, 244;
at marriage of Maria Louisa, 256;
asks aid against Russian aggression, 314;
alarmed at Russian successes on the Danube, 320;
acquires Galicia, 331;
dean of the sovereigns at Dresden, 330;
N. seeks to hold his adhesion, 375;
lukewarmness toward N., 385;
dread of N., 394;
letter from N., 395;
N.'s reply to his peace proposals, 408;
N.'s dread of, 413;
at Gitschin, 415;
conference with Nesselrode, 415;
political use of his daughter, 416;
seeks alliance with Alexander, 419;
letter from Metternich, June 29, 1813, 420;
ratifies the treaty of Reichenbach, 422;
reception of N.'s attempts to bribe Austria, 423;
fears French invasion of Vienna, iv. [3];
letter from N., Sept., 1813, [21];
declines to treat after Leipsic, [31];
anxiety for the future of absolutism, [40];
distrust of his allies, [40];
discovers the royal ancestry of the Buonapartes, [44];
proposed cession of Alsace to, [67];
to Maria Louisa on the situation, [68];
N. demands the Frankfort proposals from, [74];
narrow escape from capture at Bar-sur-Aube, [95];
joins the Army of the South at Lyons, [97];
relations with his allies, [97];
letter from N. to, March 28, 1814, [104];
at Dijon, [113], [128];
N. seeks the aid of, through Maria Louisa, [128];
Maria Louisa takes refuge with, [135], [143];
seeks the dissolution of his daughter's marriage, [135];
desires N.'s exile, [138];
keeps his daughter a virtual prisoner, [143];
besought for N.'s release, [231].
Francisco, Don (Infante of Spain), ordered to Bayonne, iii. 146.
Franconia, treaty with France, 1796, i. 450;
French occupation of, ii. 405; iii. 165;
the campaign in, 13;
exploits of the Black Legion in, 234.
Frankfort-on-the-Main, occupied by Custine, i. 194;
member of the Confederation of the Rhine, ii. 403;
French demonstrations near, 424;
the principality transferred from Dalberg to Prince Eugène, iii. 266;
furnishes new levies, 394;
parley of the allies at, iv. [40]-46; [67], [70];
N. adheres to the proposals of, [70], [73], [75].
Frasnes, military operations at, iv. [176], [184], [189].
Fraternity, decreed, i. 110.
Frederick VI, signs treaty of Fontainebleau, iii. 70;
hopes to acquire Sweden, 280;
assists in the Continental System, 280.
Frederick August I, Elector of Saxony, accepts French terms after Jena, ii. 443;
proposed exchange of Poland for Saxony, iii. 50;
made king of Saxony, 56;
acquires the grand duchy of Warsaw, 56;
interview with N. at Dresden, 394;
peculiar relations toward N., 375, 394, 408;
offers his troops to Austria, 399;
difficult position of, 399;
declares himself favorable to France, 407;
love for his capital, iv. [25];
sent prisoner to Berlin, [34];
released by N. from his engagements, [39].
Frederick the Great, opinion of Paoli, i. 18;
defeats Austria, 324;
his military genius and principles of warfare, 348, 379, 394; ii. 419; iv. [266], [267];
contrasted with N., i. 348, 394; ii. 163;
attitude toward Austria, 41;
statue at the Tuileries, 147;
territorial acquisitions, 413;
N.'s visit to, and spoliation of the tomb of, 438;
self-coronation, iii. 37;
end of his system, 103;
N. repudiates the military ideas of, 154;
N.'s analysis of the wars of, iv. [232];
N.'s study of, [266].
Frederick William I, his civil and military administration, ii. 414;
school system of, 414.
Frederick William II, reign of, ii. 414.
Frederick William III, Sieyès's mission to, ii. 41;
N. offers the friendship of France to, 155;
character and personality, 155, 400, 414, 422, 442; iii. 44, 45, 52, 57, 62; iv. [6];
refuses to make alliance with N., ii. 194;
neutrality of, 194, 311, 361, 414;
motive in joining the "armed neutrality," 194;
N.'s threatening message to, 282;
friendly to France, 347;
letter to N., May, 1805, 356;
swears friendship with Alexander I, 377;
joins the third coalition, 376;
signs away Prussian independence, 400;
threatens to abdicate, 417;
proposes the organization of a North German Confederation, 418;
mobilizes the army, 420;
demands the French evacuation of Germany, 421;
declares war, 422;
at Naumburg, 424;
reluctance for war, 427, 428;
military blunders, 429;
in battle of Auerstädt, 433, 434;
sues for peace, 435;
flight from Jena, 436;
refuses to accept an armistice, 442;
desperation of, 442;
precarious situation at Königsberg, iii. 9;
N. opens negotiations with, 18;
refuses N.'s overtures, 18;
refuses to negotiate separate peace, 36;
desperate situation, 37;
his "divine right," 38;
N.'s attitude toward, 42, 44, 104;
armistice arranged with, 42;
meeting with the Emperors at Tilsit, 42-45, 49-52;
humiliation of, 57;
calls on his queen for aid, 57;
spoils interview between N. and his Queen, 59;
death of, 63;
residence at Memel, 107;
in need of comforts, 107;
sequestration of his Westphalian estates, 162;
friendship with Alexander, 194;
at St. Petersburg, 194;
proposes alliance with Austria, 225;
refuses aid to Francis, 225;
secret armament by, 225;
denounces Schill, 233;
withdraws from offer of alliance, 236;
sounds Austria, 320;
offers alliance to Alexander, 320;
at Dresden, 330;
N. seeks to hold his adhesion, 375;
Prussian disregard of, 382;
nominally degrades York, 384;
forced to a decision, 395;
negotiates with N., 396;
removes the court to Breslau, 396;
grief at death of the Queen, 397;
mobilizes the army, 397;
declares war, 398;
proposed allotment of territory to, 409;
mediocrity in military affairs, iv. [6];
in military council at Trachenberg, [6];
anxiety for the future of absolutism, [40];
distrust of his allies, [40];
dissatisfied with the Frankfort terms, [41];
seeks the retention of Prussian acquisitions, [67];
letter to Blücher, Feb. 26, 1814, [75];
at Congress of Châtillon, [76];
attitude toward Francis, [98];
favors movement on Paris, [98];
violates armistice before Paris, [110];
his relations with Alexander, [113];
enters Paris, [113];
at the peace council in Paris, [114];
approves the Bourbon restoration, [114];
deceived by the Parisians' reception, [114];
alleged indelicacy of his visit to the Empress at Rambouillet, [135];
system of promotion in the army, [171].
Frederick William IV (crown prince), a suitor for a Napoleonic princess, iii. 331;
persuades York to rejoin Blücher, iv. [80].
Frederick, king of Würtemberg, at the Erfurt conference, iii. 172;
marries his daughter to Jerome Buonaparte, ii. 399.
Free trade, demand for, in Corsica, i. 116.
Freiburg, Duc d'Enghien prepares to retire to, ii. 302;
military movements near, ii. 430.
Fréjus, N. lands at, ii. 83; iv. [139];
N.'s triumphant progress to Paris from, ii. 84;
place of N.'s embarkation changed from St. Tropez to, iv. [139];
arrival of N. at, [139].
"French Citizen," the, change of name to "French Courier," iii. 88.
"French Courier," the, iii. 88.
French Empire, the, the Emperor the head of, ii. 395;
distinguished from France, 404.
French language, N.'s use of the, i. 86.
Frère, Gen., success at Segovia, iii. 156.
Fréron, Louis S., in siege of Toulon, i. 232, 233;
bloodthirsty character, 233;
N.'s friendship with, 236;
opposes Robespierre, 251;
influence among the Thermidorians, 254;
social life in Paris, 289;
a Dantonist, 289;
uses influence in N.'s behalf, 292, 296;
flirtation with Pauline Buonaparte, 322;
commissioner at Marseilles, 322.
Friant, Gen., marches toward Ingolstadt, iii. 207;
in battle of Borodino, 344.
Fribourg, the plundering of, ii. 40.
Frick Valley, to be ceded to Austria, ii. 40.
Friedland, battle of, iii. 30-33;
the campaign reviewed, 32-37;
Alexander's pliableness after, 351;
battle of, compares with that at Beresina, iv. [37].
Friedrichshamn, treaty of, iii. 248.
Friedrichstadt, fighting at, iv. [9].
Friends of the Constitution, the, i. 154.
Frischermont, the farms of, iv. [195];
the French position at, [196].
Friuli, retreat of Wurmser's troops through, i. 384;
Quasdanowich's strength in, 386;
Archduke Charles in, 425;
campaign in, 430 et seq.;
ceded by Austria to Italy, ii. 390;
creation of hereditary duchy of, 395;
Duroc created Duke of, iii. 86.
See also [Duroc].
Fromentières, military operations near, iv. [64].
Fructidor, the 18th of, ii. 8;
N.'s responsibility for, 22, 31, 144;
Talleyrand's views of, 34;
counterstroke to, 92;
amnesty for the victims of, 130;
ruptures negotiations at Lille, 144.
Fructidorians, attitude toward N., ii. 22;
the radical wing of the, 42.
Fuenterrabia, N. seeks information concerning, iii. 128.
Fulton, Robert, tries to interest N. in steam, ii. 335.
Fuentes de Onoro, battle of, iii. 289.
Fusina, the French army at, i. 443.