The Expeditions of Zebulon Montgomery Pike, Volume 1 (of 3) / To Headwaters of the Mississippi River Through Louisiana Territory, and in New Spain, During the Years 1805-6-7.

by Zebulon Montgomery Pike

Names (English.)	Best Positions for Trading-posts.	With Whom at war.	With whom at peace, or in alliance.	Names of Chiefs or Principal Men.			Remarks.
				Indian.	French.	English.
I. Sauks	Head of rapid de Moyen	Chipeways	Reynards, Puants, Sioux, Osage, Potowatomies, Fols Avoins, Ioways, all nations of the Missouri	Washione
				Pockquinike	Bras Casse	Broken Arm
II. Foxes	Giard's river, nearly opp. Prairie des Chiens, confluence of Miss. and Ouiscousing	do.	do.	Olopier			First Chief
				Pecit	Petit Corbeau	Little Raven
				Akaque	Peau Blanche	White Skin	Killed the Osage on their way to St. Louis; nowraising a war-party tostrike the Sauteaux
III. Iowas	Rivers de Moyen and Iowa	do.	do.
IV. Winebagos	Portage de Cockalin (on Fox river) or at Grand Calumet	Since the peace between Osages, Sauks and Reynards, Puants have tacitly ceased war on the former	In alliance with Sauks, Reynards, Sioux, Fols Avoins, &c., at peace with all others	New Okat			First chief; commissioned as such
				Sansamani
				Chenoway's Son			Commissioned
				Karamone			do.
				Du Quarre			do.
				Macraragah			do.
V. Menomenes	Portage des Perre, on Fox river	None	In alliance with Ottoway, Chipeway, Ochangras	Tomaw	Thomas Carron	Thomas Carron	First chief; received commission as such, and flag
				Shawonoe
				Neckech
VI. Sues				Wabasha	La Feuille	The Leaf	Literally translated; first chief of the nation; received a commission and a flag
1. People of the Lakes	Entrance St. Croix	Recently, Chipeways; now at peace; at war with Assinniboins and some nations on the Missouri	Sauks, Reynards, Ioways, Fols Avoins	Talangamane	Aile Rouge	Red Wing	do.
				Chatewaconamani	Petit Corbeau	Little Raven	Received commission and flag
				Tahamie	Orignal Leve	Rising Moose	Literally translated
				Tatamane	Nez Corbeau	Raven Nose	Literally Wind that Walks; commissioned
2. People of the Leaves	Little Rapids, St. Peters	do.	do.	Wasonquianni	Araignee Jaune	Yellow Spider	First chief of the nation
				Wukunsna	Tonnerre qui Sonne	Rolling Thunder	Literally translated
				Houho Otah	Le Noyeau	Stone of Fruit	Received a commission and flag
3. Sissitons	Lac de Gross Roche, St. Peters	do.	do.	Wacanto	Esprit Bleu	Blue Spirit	First chief of his band
				Waminisabah	Killieu Noir	Black Eagle	Literally translated
				Itoye	Gross Calumet	Big Pipe
				Wuckiew Nutch	Tonnerre Rouge	Red Thunder	Literal translation; first chief of all the Sioux
4. Yanktons				Petessung	Vache Blanche	White Buffalo	Literally translated
				Muckpeanutah	Nuage Rouge	Red Cloud	Literally translated; first chief of the nation
				Champanage
5. Tetons		Various nations of the Missouri	do.	Chantaoeteka	Cœur Mauvais	Bad Heart	Bois Brulle
				Shenouskar	Couverte Blanche	White Blanket	Okandanda
6. People of the Leaves detached	Prairie des Chiens	do.	do.	Wamaneopenutah	Cœur du Killeur Rouge	Heart of the Red Eagle
				Tantangashatah	Bœuf qui Joue	Playing Buffalo	Literal translation
				Kachiwasigon	Corbeau Francois	French Raven	do.
VII. Chipeways
1. Leapers
	Sandy Lake	Recently, Sioux; now at peace; at war with Sauks, Foxes, Iowas	Fols Avoins, all nations of Canada	Catawabata	De Breche	Broken Teeth	First chief of his band
	Leech Lake	do.	do.	Eskibugeckoge	Geuelle Platte	Flat Mouth	do.
				Obigouitte	Chef de la Terre	Chief of the Land
				Oole	La Brule	The Burnt
	Red Lake	do.	do.	Wiscoup	Le Sucre	The Sweet	do.
2. Of St. Croix and Chipeway r.	South side of Lake Superior	do.	do.
3. Of the other bands generally				Necktame	Preinier [Premier]	Head Chief	Resides on Lac La Pluir river.

N. B.—Wyaganage, or Fils de Pinchow, a chief of Gens du Lac, and head of village at entrance of St. Peters, omitted; has received flag and commission. [Z. M. P.]

[N. B.—Total of Sacs, Foxes, Iowas, Winnebagoes, and Menomonees, and Grand Total, embodied from the "Recapitulation," which was on separate leaf (unpaged p. 66) of orig. ed.—E. C.]

[*] This is merely a band of vagabonds, formed by refugees from all other bands, which they left for some bad deed.

[+] From actual estimate.

[++] See my Reports on the trade of the N. W. Company.

The claims of limits of the Sioux nation are allowed by all their neighbors to commence at Prairie Des Chiens, and ascend the Mississippi on both sides to the Riviere De Corbeau; up that river to its source; thence to the source of the St. Peters; thence to the Montaigne De La Prairie; thence to the Missouri; down that river to the Mahas, bearing thence N. E. to the source of the De Moyen; and thence to the place of beginning. They also claim a large territory south of the Missouri, but how far it extends is uncertain. The country E. of the Mississippi, from Rum river to the Riviere De Corbeau, is likewise in dispute between them and the Chipeways, and has been the scene of many a sharp encounter for near 150 years past.

From my knowledge of the Sioux nation, I do not hesitate to pronounce them the most warlike and independent nation of Indians within the boundaries of the United States, their every passion being subservient to that of war; at the same time that their traders feel themselves perfectly secure of any combination being made against themselves, it is extremely necessary to be careful not to injure the honor or feelings of an individual, which is certainly the principal cause of the many broils which occur between them. But never was a trader known to suffer in the estimation of the nation by resenting any indignity offered him, even if it went to taking the life of the offender. Their guttural pronunciation, high cheek bones, their visages, and distinct manners, together with their own traditions, supported by the testimony of neighboring nations, puts it in my mind beyond the shadow of a doubt that they have emigrated from the N. W. point of America, to which they have come across the narrow streight which in that quarter divides the two continents, and are absolutely descendants of a Tartarean tribe.

The only personal knowledge which I have of the Chipeway nation is restricted to the tribes on the south side of Lake Superior, on the headwaters of the Chipeway and the St. Croix; and to those who reside at Sandy Lake, Leech Lake, Rainy Lake, Red Lake, and the heads of the rivers Rouge, Mississippi, and De Corbeau. They are divided, like the Sioux, into many bands, the names of only seven of which I am acquainted with.