CHAPTER V.—CHRISTMAS DRAMA
[ 1 .] This account of the mediaeval Christmas drama owes much to Chambers, “The Mediaeval Stage,” especially chaps. xviii. to xx., and to W. Creizenach, “Geschichte des neueren Dramas” (Halle a/S., 1893), vol. i., bks. ii.-iv. See also: Karl Pearson, essay on “The German Passion Play” in “The Chances of Death, and other Studies in Evolution” (London, 1897), ii. 246 f.; E. Du Méril, “Origines latines du théâtre moderne” (Paris, 1849); L. Petit de Julleville, “Histoire du théâtre en France au moyen âge. I. Les Mystères” (Paris, 1880); and other works cited later.
[ 2 .] Chambers, “M. S.,” ii. 8 f.
[ 3 .] Ibid. ii. 11.
[ 4 .] Du Méril, 147.
[ 5 .] Chambers, “M. S.,” ii. 52.
[ 6 .] Text in Du Méril, 153 f.
[ 7 .] Chambers, “M. S.,” ii. 44.
[ 8 .] Ibid. ii. 52 f.
[ 9 .] On the English plays see: Chambers, “M. S.,” chaps. xx. and xxi.; A. W. Ward, “A History of English Dramatic Literature” (London, 1875), vol. i. chap. i.; Creizenach, vol. i.; K. L. Bates, “The English Religious Drama” (London, 1893).
[ 10.] Chambers, “M. S.,” ii. 129, 131, 139.
[ 11.] “Ludus Coventriae,” ed. by J. O. Halliwell (London, 1841), 146 f.
[ 12.] “York Plays,” ed. by L. Toulmin Smith (Oxford, 1885), 114 f.
[ 13.] “The Chester Plays,” ed. by T. Wright (London, 1843), 137.
[ 14.] Ibid. 138.
[ 15.] Ibid. 143.
[ 16.] “The Towneley Plays,” ed. by George England, with Introduction by A. W. Pollard (London, 1897). The first Shepherds’ Play is on p. 100 f., the second on p. 116 f.
[ 17.] Text from Chambers and Sidgwick, “Early English Lyrics,” 124 f.
[ 18.] Text in T. Sharp, “A Dissertation on the Pageants or Dramatic Mysteries anciently performed at Coventry” (Coventry, 1825).
[ 19.] Petit de Julleville, ii. 36 f and 431 f.
[ 20.] Ibid. ii. 620 f.; “Les marguerites de la Marguerite des princesses,” ed. from the edition of 1547 by F. Frank (Paris, 1873), ii. 1 f.
[ 21.] Petit de Julleville, i. 441.
[ 22.] Ibid. i. 455. Text in Lemeignen, ii. 1 f.
[ 23.] Petit de Julleville, i. 79 f.
[ 24.] P. Sébillot, “Coutumes populaires de la Haute-Bretagne” (Paris, 1886), 177.
[ 25.] Martinengo, “Folk-Songs,” xxxiii. f. In her essay, “Puer Parvulus,” in “The Outdoor Life,” 260 f., the Countess gives a charming description of a somewhat similar Piedmontese play.
[ 26.] Barthélemy, iii. 411 f.[370]
[ 27.] Rietschel, 88 f.; O. von Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, “Das festliche Jahr” (2nd Edition, Leipsic, 1898), 439 f.
[ 28.] Rietschel, 92 f.
[ 29.] An interesting book on popular Christmas plays is F. Vogt, “Die schlesischen Weihnachtspiele” (Leipsic, 1901).
[ 30.] Weinhold, 94.
[ 31.] Ibid. 95 f.
[ 32.] Ibid. 100 f.
[ 33.] Ibid. 96 f.
[ 34.] See Chambers, “M. S.,” ii. 91 f.; Symonds, “Renaissance,” iv. 242, 272 f.; A. d'Ancona, “Origini del Teatro italiano” (Florence, 1877), i. 87 f.
[ 35.] D'Ancona, “Origini,” i. 126 f.
[ 36.] A. d'Ancona, “Sacre Rappresentazioni dei secoli xiv, xv e xvi” (Florence, 1872), i. 191 f.
[ 37.] Ibid. i. 192.
[ 38.] Latin original quoted by D'Ancona, “Origini,” i. 91, and Chambers, “M. S.,” ii. 93.
[ 39.] Creizenach, i. 347.
[ 40.] J. Fitzmaurice-Kelly, “A History of Spanish Literature” (London, 1898), 113.
[ 41.] Juan del Encina, “Teatro Completo” (Madrid, 1893), 3 f., 137 f.
[ 42.] See G. Ticknor, “History of Spanish Literature” (6th American Edition, Boston, 1888), ii. 283 f.
[ 43.] Ibid. ii. 208.
[ 44.] “Archivio per lo studio delle tradizioni popolari” (Palermo and Turin), vol. xxi., 1902, 381.
[ 45.] Pitrè, 448.
[ 46.] Fernan Caballero, “Elia y La Noche de Navidad,” 222 f.
[ 47.] Lloyd, 213 f.
[ 48.] H. F. Feilberg, “Jul” (Copenhagen, 1904), ii. 242 f.
[ 49.] E. Cortet, “Essai sur les fêtes religieuses” (Paris, 1867), 38.
[ 50.] Sébillot, 215.
[ 51.] Feilberg, ii. 250; Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, 31 f.; T. Stratilesco, “From Carpathian to Pindus: Pictures of Roumanian Country Life” (London, 1906), 195 f.; E. van Norman, “Poland: the Knight among Nations” (London and New York, 3rd Edition, n.d.), 302; S. Graham, “A Vagabond in the Caucasus. With some Notes of his Experiences among the Russians” (London, 1910), 28.
[ 52.] Translation in Karl Hase, “Miracle Plays and Sacred Dramas” (Eng. Trans., London, 1880), 9; German text in Weinhold, 132.
[ 53.] Hörmann, “Tiroler Volksleben,” 247 f.
[ 54.] Graham, 28.
[ 55.] Stratilesco, 195 f.
[ 56.] Ibid. 355 f.
[ 57.] Van Norman, 302.
[ 58.] Cortet, 42.
[ 59.] Barthélemy, iii. 411 f.
[ 60.] Madame Calderon de la Barca, “Life in Mexico” (London, 1843), 237 f.