Early Man in the New World

by Kenneth Macgowan; Joseph A. Hester

Chapter 7

[1]Quoted in John Evans, The Ancient Stone Implements, Weapons, and Ornaments, of Great Britain (1872), 57.

[2]Michele Mercati, Metallotheca Opus Posthumum (1717), 243.

[3]C. C. Abbott, “An Historical Sketch of the Discoveries of Paleolithic Implements in the Valley of the Delaware River,” Proceedings, Boston Society of Natural History, 21:126-127 (1881).

[4]I. C. Russell, The Geological History of Lake Lahontan (Monograph, U.S. Geological Survey, no. 11, 1885). W. J. McGee, “An Obsidian Implement from Pleistocene Deposit in Nevada,” American Anthropologist, 2:301-312 (1889).

[5]S. W. Williston, “Homo sapiens in Pleistocene of Kansas,” Bulletin, Kansas University Geological Survey, 2:301 (1897). E. H. Sellards, “Early Man in America,” Bulletin, Geological Society of America, 51:387 (1940).

[6]J. D. Figgins, “The Antiquity of Man in America,” Natural History, 27:229-231 (1927). Harold J. Cook, “Definite Evidence of Human Artifacts in the American Pleistocene,” Science, new ser., 62:459-460 (1925).

[7]Figgins, op. cit., 234-239. Harold J. Cook, “New Geological and Paleontological Evidence Bearing on the Antiquity of Mankind in America,” Natural History, 27:244-247 (1927). O. F. Evans, “The Antiquity of Man As Shown at Frederick, Oklahoma: A Criticism,” Journal, Washington Academy of Sciences, 20:475-479 (1930). Harold J. Cook, “The Antiquity of Man As Indicated at Frederick, Oklahoma: A Reply.” Journal, Washington Academy of Sciences, 21:161-167 (1931).

[8]Figgins, op. cit., 232-234.

[9]Barnum Brown, “Recent Finds Relating to Prehistoric Man in America,” Bulletin, New York Academy of Medicine, 2nd ser., 4:824-828 (1928). H. Marie Wormington, Ancient Man in North America (2nd rev. ed., 1944), 6-7.

[10]William J. Mayer-Oakes and Robert E. Bell, “Early Man Site Found in Highland Ecuador,” Science, 131:1805-1806 (1960).

[11]John L. Cotter, “The Occurrence of Flints and Extinct Animals in Pluvial Deposits near Clovis, New Mexico: Part 4 of Report on the Excavations at the Gravel Pit in 1936,” Proceedings, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 89:2-16 (1937).

[12]M. R. Harrington, An Ancient Site at Borax Lake, California (Southwest Museum Papers, no. 16, 1948), 61, 63.

[13]Edgar B. Howard, “Caves Along the Slopes of the Guadalupe Mountains,” Bulletin, Texas Archaeological and Paleontological Society, 4:17-18 (1932).

[14]Frank H. H. Roberts, Jr., “A Folsom Complex, etc.,” Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, vol. 94, no. 4, p. 6 (1935).

[15]Edgar B. Howard, “Early Man in America,” Proceedings, American Philosophical Society, 76:327-333 (1936). Edgar B. Howard and Ernst Antevs, “The Occurrence of Flints and Extinct Animals in Pluvial Deposits near Clovis, New Mexico,” Proceedings, Academy of Natural Sciences, 87:299-312 (1935). Kirk Bryan, “A Review of the Geology of the Clovis Finds Reported by Howard and Cotter,” American Antiquity, 4:113-130 (1938).

[16]Roberts, loc. cit.

[17]Kirk Bryan, “Geology of the Folsom Deposits in New Mexico and Colorado,” in Early Man (1937), 143-152. Kirk Bryan and Louis L. Ray, “Geological Antiquity of the Lindenmeier Site in Colorado,” Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, vol. 99, no. 2 (1940).

[18]Vance Haynes and George Agogino, “Geological Significance of a New Radiocarbon Date from the Lindenmeier Site,” Proceedings, Denver Museum of Natural History, 9:1-22 (1960).

[19]Edgar B. Howard, “Evidence of Early Man in North America,” Museum Journal, 24:90 (1935).

[20]Edgar B. Howard, “Folsom and Yuma Problems,” Proceedings, American Philosophical Society, 86:258 (1943).

[21]Stephen Williams, “The Island 35 Mastodon: Its Bearing on the Age of Archaic Cultures in the East,” American Antiquity, 22:359-372 (1957).

[22]Edgar B. Howard, “The Finley Site: Discovery of Yuma Points, in situ, near Eden, Wyoming,” American Antiquity, 8:224-234 (1943).

[23]Willard F. Libby, Radiocarbon Dating (1955), 125.

[24]John Paul Moss, The Antiquity of the Finley Yuma Site: Example of the Geologic Method of Dating (MS. of paper read at the 29th International Congress of Americanists, New York, Sept. 5, 1949). Edgar B. Howard, “Folsom and Yuma Points from Saskatchewan,” American Antiquity, 4:277-279 (1939). Frank H. H. Roberts, Jr., “On the Trail of Ancient Hunters in the Western United States and Canada,” Smithsonian Institution, Exploration and Field Work in 1938, 103-110. Frank Hibben, “Evidence of Early Man in Alaska,” American Antiquity, 8:257 (1943).

[25]E. H. Sellards, “Fossil Bison and Associated Artifacts from Texas,” Bulletin, Geological Society of America, 56:1196-1197 (1945). E. H. Sellards, Glen L. Evans and Grayson E. Meade, “Fossil Bison and Associated Artifacts from Texas.” Bulletin, Geological Society of America, 58:927-938 (1947).

[26]Froelich G. Rainey, “Archaeology in Central Alaska,” Anthropological Papers, American Museum of Natural History, 36:390-401 (1939). Frank Hibben, op. cit., 255-258.

[27]Alex Krieger, “Artifacts from the Plainview Bison Bed,” Bulletin, Geological Society of America, 58:940-941, 951 (1947).

[28]Ibid., 947, 949.

[29]Nels C. Nelson, “Early Migration of Man to America,” Natural History, 35:356 (1935).

[30]Libby, op. cit., 117.

[31]Libby, ibid., 118.

[32]M. R. Harrington, Gypsum Cave, Nevada (Southwest Museum Papers, no. 8, 1933).

[33]Ernst Antevs, “Climate and Early Man in North America,” in Early Man, 128, and personal communication to H. M. Wormington, 1949. E. W. C. and W. H. Campbell and others, The Archaeology of Pleistocene Lake Mohave (Southwest Museum Papers, no. 11, 1937), 9-44. E. W. C. and W. H. Campbell, The Pinto Basin Site (Southwest Museum Papers, no. 9, 1935), 1-51.

[34]Malcolm J. Rogers, Early Lithic Industries of the Lower Basin of the Colorado River and Adjacent Desert Areas (San Diego Museum Papers, no. 3, 1939), 70, pl. 21, 74.

[35]Robert F. Heizer and E. Lemert, Observations on an Archaeological Site in Topanga Canyon, Los Angeles County (University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, vol. 44, 237-258, 1947), Heizer, “Notes and News: Pacific Coast Area,” American Antiquity, 13:270 (1948).

[36]Wesley L. Bliss, “An Archaeological and Geological Reconnaissance of Alberta, Mackenzie Valley, and Upper Yukon,” American Philosophical Society Yearbook, 1938, 136-139.

[37]M. M. Leighton, Geological Aspects of the Finding of Primitive Man near Abilene, Texas (Medallion Papers, Gila Pueblo, no. 24, 1936), 40-41.

[38]Ibid., 34.

[39]Harold S. Gladwin, Excavations at Snaketown (Medallion Papers, Gila Pueblo, no. 26, 1937), plate 1, pp. 30-31.

[40]Cyrus N. Ray, “Report on Some Recent Archaeological Researches in the Abilene Section,” Bulletin, Texas Archaeological and Paleontological Society, 2:45-58 (1930). Kirk Bryan and Cyrus N. Ray, “Long Channelled Point Found in Alluvium Beside Bones of Elephas columbi,” Bulletin, Tex. Arch. and Pal. Soc., 10:267 (1938). Ray, “New Evidences of Ancient Man in Texas Found During Prof. Kirk Bryan’s Visit,” Bulletin, Tex. Arch. and Pal. Soc., 10:273. Bryan, “Deep Sites near Abilene, Texas,” Bulletin, Tex. Arch. and Pal. Soc., 10:274.

[41]C. C. Albritton and Kirk Bryan, “The Quaternary Stratigraphy in the Davis Mountains, etc.,” Bulletin, Geological Society of America, 50:1468 (1939).

[42]M. M. Leighton, “The Significance of Profiles of Weathering in Stratigraphic Archaeology,” in Early Man, 163-172.

[43]Kirk Bryan, “Correlation of the Deposits of Sandia Cave, New Mexico, with the Glacial Chronology,” Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 99:45-64 (1941).

[44]Frank Hibben, “Association of Man with Pleistocene Mammals in the Sandia Mountains, New Mexico,” American Antiquity, 2:260-263 (1937), and “Evidences of Early Occupation in Sandia Cave, etc.,” Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 99:1-44 (1941).

[45]Frank Hibben, “The First Thirty-eight Sandia Points,” American Antiquity, 11:257-258 (1946).

[46]Frederick Johnson and Frank C. Hibben, “Radiocarbon Dates from Sandia Cave, Correction,” Science, 125:234-235 (1957); and Hugo Gross, “Age of the Sandia Culture,” Science, 126:305-306 (1957).

[47]C. Bertrand Schultz and W. D. Frankforter, “Preliminary Report on the Lime Creek Sites: New Evidence of Early Man in Southwestern Nebraska,” Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum, 3:43-62 (1948).

[48]C. Bertrand Schultz and W. D. Frankforter, “Notes and News,” American Antiquity, 13:279-280 (1948). “How Old is the Oldest American?” Science Illustrated, 3:42-45 (1948). C. Bertrand Schultz, Gilbert C. Lueninghoener, and W. D. Frankforter, “Preliminary Geomorphological Studies of the Lime Creek Area” and “Preliminary Report on the Lime Creek Sites, etc.,” Bulletin, University of Nebraska State Museum, 3:31-42, 43-62, (1948). H. M. Wormington, personal communication, 1949.

[49]Libby, op. cit., 107.

[50]Robert J. Braidwood, Prehistoric Men (1957), 130.

[51]Harold S. Gladwin, Excavations at Snaketown (Medallion Papers, Gila Pueblo, no. 26, 1937), 34.

[52]E. B. Sayles and Ernst Antevs, The Cochise Culture (Medallion Papers, Gila Pueblo, no. 29, 1941).

[53]Libby, op. cit., 112-113.

[54]Ernst Antevs, “Geological Age of the Lehner Mammoth Site,” American Antiquity, 25:31 (1959).

[55]William Duncan Strong, “An Introduction to Nebraska Archaeology,” Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, vol. 93, no. 10 (1935). E. W. C. and W. H. Campbell, The Pinto Basin Site (Southwest Museum Papers, no. 9, 1935), 33-34.

[56]Carl Sauer, personal communication, 1946.

[57]M. R. Harrington, “The Age of Borax Lake” and “Farewell to Borax Lake,” Masterkey, 8:208-209 (1939) and 19:181-184 (1945), and An Ancient Site at Borax Lake, California (Southwest Museum Papers, no. 16, 1948).

[58]M. R. Harrington, personal communication, 1948.

[59]E. H. Sellards, “Stone Images from Henderson County, Texas,” American Antiquity, 7:20-38 (1941).

[60]Mariano Barcena, “Descripción de un hueso labrado, de llama fosil,” Anales del Museo Nacional de México, 2:439-444 (1882).

[61]“Discovery That Man Existed in the Western Hemisphere Some 30,000 Years Ago Made by Noted Mexican Anthropologist,” news release from Visión, July 22, 1960.

[62]Etienne B. Renaud, The Black’s Fork Culture of Southwest Wyoming and Further Research Work in the Black’s Fork Basin, Southwest Wyoming (University of Denver, Dept. of Anthropology, Archaeological Survey Series, Reports 10 and 12, 1938, 1940).

[63]Thomas Wilson, “The Paleolithic Period in the District of Columbia,” Proceedings, U.S. National Museum, for 1889, 12:371-376, and “A Study of Prehistoric Anthropology” and “Results of an Inquiry As to the Existence of Man in North America During the Paleolithic Period of the Stone Age,” Report, U.S. National Museum, for 1887-1888, 629-636, 677-702. Nels C. Nelson, “The Antiquity of Man in America in the Light of Archaeology,” in The American Aborigines (1933), 93-94.

[64]Frank H. H. Roberts, Jr., “Developments in the Problem of the North American Paleo-Indian,” Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 100:96-97 (1940).

[65]Kirk Bryan, “Prehistoric Quarries and Implements of Pre-Amerindian Aspect in New Mexico,” Science, new ser., 87:345 (1938).

[66]E. B. Sayles, An Archaeological Survey of Texas (Medallion Papers, Gila Pueblo, no. 17. 1935), table 4, plate 19. J. E. Pearce, “Tales That Dead Men Tell,” University of Texas Bulletin, no. 3537 (1935), 25, plate 3.

[67]Junius Bird, “Antiquity and Migrations of the Early Inhabitants of Patagonia,” Geographical Review, 28:273 (1938), fig. 27. Walter Dupouy, “Sobre una punta litica de tipo singular en Venezuela,” Acta Venezolana, 1:80-87 (1945).

[68]Helmut de Terra, “New Evidence for the Antiquity of Early Man in Mexico,” Revista mexicana de estudios antropológicos, 8:69-88 (1946).

[69]F. B. Richardson, “Nicaragua,” Year Book, Carnegie Institution, 1941 (no. 40), 300-302. F. B. Richardson and Karl Ruppert, “Nicaragua,” Year Book, Carnegie Institution, 1942 (no. 41), 269-270.

[70]Wolfgang Haberland and Willi-Herbert Grebe, “Prehistoric Footprints from El Salvador,” American Antiquity, 22:282-285 (1957).

[71]G. F. Becker, “Antiquities from Under Tuolumne Table Mountain in California,” Bulletin, Geological Society of America, 2:193-194 (1891).

[72]W. H. Holmes, Handbook of Aboriginal American Antiquities (Bulletin, Bureau of American Ethnology, no. 60, 1919, part 1), 62.

[73]L. S. Cressman, personal communication, 1949.

[74]Douglas S. Byers, “Bull Brook—A Fluted Point Site in Ipswich, Massachusetts,” American Antiquity, 19:343-351 (1954).

[75]Ralph S. Solecki, “Notes on Two Archaeological Discoveries in Northern Alaska, 1950,” American Antiquity, 17:55-56 (1951).

[76]Jim Hester, “Late Pleistocene Extinction and Radiocarbon Dating,” American Antiquity, 26:66 (1960).

[77]Richard G. Forbis, “Early Man and Fossil Bison,” Science, 123:327-328 (1956).

[78]Forbis, op. cit., 327.

[79]Ruth D. Simpson, “Finding the Scraper at Tule Springs, Masterkey, 30:110 (1956), and “An Older Date for Tule Springs,” Masterkey, 34:82 (1960).

[80]W. S. Broecker and J. L. Kulp, “Lamont Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IV,” Science, 126:1325-1326 (1957), and Robert F. Heizer, “Radiocarbon Dates from California of Archaeological Interest,” Reports, University of California Archaeological Survey, 44:5 (1958).

[81]George F. Carter, “Man, Time, and Change in the Far Southwest,” Supplement, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 49:18 (1959).

[82]H. M. Wormington, Ancient Man in North America (1957), 223.

[83]Ruth D. Simpson, “Archeological Survey of the Eastern Calico Mountains,” Masterkey, 34:25-35 (1960).

[84]Thomas Clements and Lydia Clements, “Evidence of Pleistocene Man in Death Valley, California,” Bulletin, Geological Society of America, 64:1189-1204 (1953).

[85]Father Jacob Baegert, “Account of the Aboriginal Inhabitants of the California Peninsula,” Annual Report for 1863, Smithsonian Institution, pp. 352-369 (1864).

[86]J. L. Giddings, “The Archeology of Bering Strait,” Current Anthropology, 1:121-130 (1960).

[87]J. M. Cruxent and Irving Rouse, “A Lithic Industry of Paleo-Indian Type in Venezuela,” American Antiquity, 22:172-179 (1956).