Christmas in Ritual and Tradition, Christian and Pagan - Clement A. Miles

Iceland, “Yule host” in, [240]
Image, Prof. Selwyn, [85]
“In dulci jubilo,” [44-5]
Incense used for purification, [183], [225], [244-5], [327-8]
Ireland, Christmas carols in, [69-70];
- All Souls’ Eve in, [192];
- Hallowe'en customs in, [197-8];
- Martinmas slaughter in, [203-4];
- “hunting of the wren” in, [292];
- Holy Innocents’ Day in, [315];
- Epiphany in, [350]
Italy, Christmas poetry in, [36-42], [67];
- presepio in, [105-7], [112-6], [359];
- Christmas drama in, [146-8], [152];
- All Souls’ in, [192], [194];
- Martinmas in, [204];
- Christmas log in, [256];
- Santa Lucia in, [278];
- Christmas fare in, [287], [289-91];
- Epiphany in, [343]
Ivy, [272], [275-6]

Jacopone da Todi, [36], [39-42], [146]
James, St., Gospel of, [124]
Jerome, St., [181]
Jerusalem, Christmas at, [22], [94-5]
John, St., Evangelist, his Day, [302], [314-5]
Johnson, Lionel, [85]
Johnson, Richard, [301]
Jonson, Ben, [298]
Julebuk, [202]
Julian the Apostate, [23]
Julklapp, [278-9]

Kalends of January, the Roman festival, [24], [165], [167-71], [200], [269];
- made a fast, [101], [170-1].
- See also New Year's Day
Kallikantzaroi, [244-7]
Kindelwiegen, [108-11]
King of the Bean, [180], [338-41]
“Kissing-bunch,” [274]
Kissling, K. G., [266]
Klapperbock, [201]
Klaubauf, [219]
Klöpfelnächte, [216-7]
Knecht Ruprecht, [220], [231-2]
Kore, [21]
Krampus, [219]

Labruguière, Epiphany in, [342]
Lake, Prof. K., [20], [24]
La Monnoye, [62-3]
Lancashire, Hallowe'en in, [198]
Latin Christmas poetry, [31-4], [42], [63-4], [68-9]
Lawson, Mr. J. C., [247], [301]
Lead-pouring, [215], [237], [332]
Leather, Mrs., [269], [346]
Le Moigne, Lucas, [56-8]
Libanius, [168-9], [269]
Liberius, Pope, [107], [352-3]
Lima, Christmas Eve at, [98]
Lithuania, feast of the dead in, [195];
- New Year's Eve in, [332]
Log customs. See Yule log
Lombardy, Christmas log in, [256]
London, Greek Epiphany ceremonies in, [103];
- Italian Christmas in, [116-7], [291];
- Christmas in, under Puritans, [185];
- German Christmas in, [265];
- Boy Bishop in, [306-7];
- New Year in, [322], [327]
Lord Mayor's day, [202]
Lord of Misrule, [298]
Lorraine, cake customs in, [287], [339-40]
Lucia, St., her festival, [221-3], [268]
Lucian, [166-7]
Ludlow, Guy Fawkes Day at, [199]
Lullabies, [51], [67-9], [83-4], [109-10]
Luther, Martin, [70-3], [265]
Lyme Regis, Candlemas at, [354]

Macedonia, Christmas Eve in, [217];
- New Year's Eve in, [226], [330], [332];
- Kallikantzaroi in, [245];
- folk-play in, [300];
- Epiphany in, [344]
Macée, Claude, [141]
Madrid, [97-8], [153], [343]
Magi in drama, [125-6], [128-9], [151-3];
- as present-bringers, [343]
Magic, [163]
Man, Isle of, carol-singing in, [99];
- Hollantide in, [189], [198], [321];[397]
- Fynnodderee in, [246];
- “hunting of the wren” in, [292-3]
Mana, [176-7]
Mannhardt, W., [252-3], [313-4]
Marguerite of Navarre, [141]
Marseilles, “pastorals” at, [141]
Martin of Braga, [272]
Martin I., Pope, [203]
Martinengo-Cesaresco, Countess, [106], [112], [142]
Martinmas, an old winter festival, [173], [182], [200], [202-3];
- its feasting customs, [202-4];
- its bonfires, [204-5];
- St. Martin as gift-bringer, and his relation to St. Nicholas, [205-8], [218-9], [277-8]
Masking customs, [169-71], [175-6], [199-202], [206], [219], [230-2], [245], [297-302], [304-305], [352]
Mass, Midnight, [94-9];
- the three Christmas Masses, [94-6]
Mechlin, Martinmas at, [206]
Mellitus, Abbot, [179]
Mexico, Christmas drama in, [154]
Michaelmas, [173]
Milan, Epiphany play at, [147-8]
Milton, [82]
Mince-pies, [284]
Minnesingers, [36]
“Misterio de los Reyes Magos,” [128]
Mistletoe, [272-4], [276]
Mistral, Frédéric, [255]
Mithra, [23]
Modranicht, [181]
Monasticism and Christmas, [34-5]
Mont-St.-Michel, Epiphany king at, [340]
Montenegro, Christmas log customs in, [252]
Morgan, Lady, [114-5]
Morris, William, [85]
Morris-dancers, [299-301]
Mouthe, “De fructu” at, [288]
Mummers’ plays, [297-302]
Munich, Bavarian National Museum at, [107-8];
- Christmas-tree at, [267];
- St. Stephen's Day at, [312]
Murillo, [65]
Mythology, in relation to ritual, [164-5], [176]

Naogeorgus, [111], [217], [353]
Naples, zampognari at, [112];
- presepio at, [113-4];
- Christmas plays at, [150];
- Epiphany at, [343]
Natalis Invicti, [23-4], [165]
New Year's Day, in Roman Empire, [24], [167-71], [276-7];
- opposed in character to Christmas, [25-6];
- Teutonic and Celtic, [25], [171-3], [189], [202-4];
- Slav, [173];
- January 1 made a fast, [101], [170-1];
- customs attracted to January 1, [173], [189], [200], [321];
- fire not given out, [170-1], [257-8];
- charms, omens, and other customs, [182], [321-34];
- presents, [168-71], [276-7];
- mistletoe connected with, [276]
Nicea, Council of, [22]
Nicholas, St., his Day related to Martinmas, [173], [207-8], [277-8];
- as patron of boys, [218], [220],
- of sailors, [218], [221];
- his festival, [218-21];
- on Christmas Eve, [229-32]
Noël, origin of the name, [22];
- the French carol, [55-65]
Normandy, “star-singing” in, [151];
- Innocents’ Day in, [316];
- Epiphany in, [349-50]
Northamptonshire, St. Catherine's and St. Andrew's Days in, [213-4];
- Dyzemas in, [315]
Northumberland, holly in, [275]
Norway, Christmas established in, [21];
- “star-singing” in, [151];
- pre-Christian Yule festival in, [172];
- animal masks in, [202];
- Christmas Eve superstitions in, [235-6];
- Yule candles in, [259-60]
Notker, [32]
Nottinghamshire, Hallowe'en customs in, [196];
- Christmas cake and wassail-bowl in, [285]
Nuremberg, Epiphany at, [342]
Nuts, customs with, [195-6], [207]

“O's,” Great, [92]
Oak as a sacred tree, [254]
Oberufer, Christmas play at, [143], [272]
Ocaña, F. de, [65-6]
Oesel, “Yule Boar” in, [288]
Old Hob, [199-200][398]
Otfrid of Weissenburg, [42]
Oxford, boars head at, [284]

Palmer, Mr. F. H. E., [104]
Parcae, [181]
Paris, Christmas in, [98];
- All Souls’ Eve in, [191];
- St. Catherine's Day in, [213];
- Christmas-tree in, [267];
- New Year in, [277];
- Feast of Fools in, [302-3]
Paschal, Françoise, [61-2]
Pasquier, Étienne, [339]
Pearson, Dr. Karl, [161-2]
Pellegrin, Abbé, [63]
Pelzmärte, [206-8], [217]
Perchta, [181], [241-4], [342]
Perun, [254]
Peterborough, St. Catherine's Day at, [213]
Philocalian Calendar, [20]
Pifferari, [112]
Pillersee, Advent mummeries at, [218]
Pliny, [273]
Plough Monday, [300]
Plum-pudding, [284-5]
Plygain, [99]
Poland, the “star” in, [152];
- puppet-shows in, [153];
- werewolves in, [246];
- Christmas straw in, [276];
- Christmas wafers in, [291]
Polaznik, [231], [252], [323-4]
Presents, at the Roman Kalends, [168-71], [276-7];
- on All Souls’ Eve, [192];
- at Martinmas, [205-8];
- on St. Nicholas's Day, [218-20];
- at Christmas, [183], [230], [277-9];
- at New Year and other seasons, [277-8];
- at Epiphany, [343]
Presepio. See Crib
“Prophetae,” [127]
Protestantism, effects of, on Christmas, [27], [70-8], [111], [138], [141], [185-6], [229-30]
Provence, remains of Christmas drama in, [141], [154];
- Christmas log in, [255];
- Magi in, [344]
Prudentius, [32]
Puppet-plays, [153] f.
Purification, feast of the. See Candlemas
Puritans, their attitude towards Christmas, [77], [180], [184-5], [298]
Pyramids, [266]

Quainton, blossoming thorn at, [268]

“Raging host,” [240], [242]
Ragusa, Christmas log customs at, [252]
Ramsgate, hodening at, [200-1]
Rauchnächte, [225], [327-8]
Rhys, Sir John, [189], [321], [325-6]
Ripon, St. Clement's Day at, [212];
- Yule candles at, [259];
- Candlemas at, [354]
Risano, Christmas log customs at, [252]
Rolle, Richard, [48]
Rome, Christmas established in, [20-1];
- pagan winter festivals in, [23-4], [165-71];
- Christmas services and customs in, [95-6], [112-6], [289-90];
- mediaeval New Year quête in, [331]
Rossetti, Christina, [85]
Rouen, religious plays at, [124-5], [138-40]
Roumania, the “star” in, [152];
- Christmas drama in, [153];
- St. Andrew's Eve in, [215-6];
- Christmas songs in, [238];
- Christmas fare in, [287], [291];
- New Year in, [330-1];
- Epiphany in, [342]
Russia, Epiphany ceremonies in, [104], [246];
- the “star” in, [152];
- Christmas Eve in, [232-3], [237];
- fire superstitions in, [253];
- Christmas fare in, [287], [291];
- Christmas games in, [294];
- mummers in, [302];
- New Year in, [333]