The World Before the Deluge

by Louis Figuier

AGE OF MAM- MALS.

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POST TERTIA- RY.

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PLEISTO- CENE, or Quater- nary.

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Recent and Pre- Historic.

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Blown Sand and Shingle.

Alluvium and River Deltas.

Burtle Beds of Somerset.

Clay, with Scrobicularia of Pagham, Morecombe, &c.

Submerged Forests of Bristol Channel, &c.

Peat Bogs of Ireland and Peat Beds of England.

Post Glacial

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Raised Beaches.

Cave Deposits

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Cave Earth and Loam. Stalagmite and Bone-breccia.

River Gravels, Brick Earths, and Freshwater Clays, with Mammalian Remains.

Gravels of Bedford Levels, Salisbury, and other Old Valley Gravels and Alluvia.

Tufa and Shell-marl.

Glacial

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Kaimes or Kames of Scotland.

Eskers or Escars of Ireland.

Drift (Upper Boulder Clay or Till, Marine Gravels, Lower Till and Moraines), Scotch and Welsh, Loess of the Rhine, &c.

Pre- glacial

Forest Bed of Norfolk Shore.

KAINO- ZOIC, OR TERTIA- RY.

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PLIO- CENE.

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Crag

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Mammaliferous Crag

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Norwich and Chillesford Crag (Newer Pliocene).

Red Crag

Coralline Crag (Suffolk Crag) (Older Pliocene).

MIOCENE.

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Leaf Bed of Mull.

Lignite of Antrim.

Bovey Beds, with Lignite.

EO- CENE.

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Upper Eocene.

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Hemp- stead Beds

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Corbula Beds.

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Fluvio-Marine Series.

Upper

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Freshwater and Estuary Marls.

Middle

Lower

Bem- bridge Beds

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Bembridge Marls.

„Limestone.

Middle Eocene.

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Osborne Beds

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St. Helen's Sands.

Nettlestone Grits.

Headon Beds

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Upper

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Headon Beds.

Middle

Lower

Bagshot Beds

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Upper Bagshot

Sand.

Middle„

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Barton Clay. Bracklesham Beds.

Lower „

Sand and Pipeclay, with Plants.

Lower Eocene.

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London Tertia- ries

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London Clay and Bognor Beds (Upper London Tertiaries).

Oldhaven Beds.

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Lower do.

Woolwich and Reading Beds (Plastic Clay).

Thanet Beds.

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MESO- ZOIC, OR SECON- DARY.

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CRETA- CEOUS.

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Upper Creta- ceous.

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Chalk

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Upper Chalk, with Layers of Flint (Maestricht and Faxoe Beds).

Lower Chalk, without Flints.

Chalk Marl.

Chloritic Marl.

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Upper Greensand (Fire-stone of Surrey, Malm-rock), &c.

Gault.

Lower Creta- ceous, or Neo- comian.

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Weal- den.

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Neo- co- mian.

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Lower Green- sand

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Folkestone Beds (Sand).

Sandgate Beds (with Fullers’ Earth).

Hythe Beds (with Kentish Rag and Bargate Stone).

Atherfield Clay.

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Weald Clay (with Sussex or Bethersden Marble and Horsham Stone).

Has- tings Sands

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Upper Tunbridge Wells Sand

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Tunbridge Wells Beds.

Grinstead Clay

Lower Tunbridge Wells Sand

Wadhurst Clay (with Iron Ore).

Ashdown Sands.

Ashburnham Beds.

JURAS- SIC SERIES.

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OO- LITIC SERIES.

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Upper Oolite.

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Pur- beck

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Upper (with Purbeck Marble)

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Purbeck Beds.

Middle

Lower (with Dirt Beds)

Portland

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Portland Stone.

Portland Sand.

Kimeridge Clay (with Bituminous Shale).

Middle Oolite.

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Coralline Oolite

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Upper Calcareous Grit.

Coral Rag (with Iron Ore).

Lower Calcareous Grit.

Oxford Clay

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Oxford Clay and

Kellaways Rock.

Lower Oolite.

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Forest Marble

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Cornbrash.

Forest Marble and

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Bradford Clay (with Encrinites)

Great Oolite

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Great or Bath Oolite (with “Fullers’ Earth” at base, in S. of England).

Stonesfield Slate, near the base, in part of S. of England.

Fullers’ Earth

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Upper Fullers’ Earth (Clay).

Fullers’ Earth Rock (Limestone).

Lower Fullers’ Earth (Clay).

Inferior Oolite

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Northampton Sand (with Iron Ore, in N. Oxfordshire and S. Northamptonshire).

Ragstone and Clypeus Bed.

Upper Freestone.

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Cheltenham Sections.

Oolite Marl.

Lower Freestone.

Pea Grit.

(Colleyweston Slate, at the base of the Limestone, in Lincolnshire).

Sands.

Age of Reptiles, or Saurozoic Epoch.

Lias.

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Upper Lias

Clay and Shale.

Middle Lias,

or

Marlstone (Rock Bed, with Iron Ore, Sand, &c.).

Lower Lias

Clay, Shale, and Limestone.

POIKI- LITIC SERIES.

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Trias, or New Red Sand- stone.

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Upper Trias.

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Rhætic, or Penarth Beds.

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“White Lias,” Avicula contorta Beds, with Koessen Beds.

Bone Beds of Aust, &c.

St. Cassian and Hallstadt Beds.

Keuper

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Red variegated Marl and Upper Keuper Sandstone (with Gypsum and Rock Salt).

Lower Keuper Sandstone and Marl (Waterstones).

Dolomitic Conglomerate (of Keuper Age, Somerset, Gloucester, and S. Wales).

Middle Trias.

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Muschelkalk, absent in Britain.

Lower Trias.

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Bunter

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Upper Red and Mottled Sandstone.

Pebble Beds, Calcareous Conglomerate, and Breccia.

Lower Red and Mottled Sandstone.

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Germany.

PALÆO- ZOIC, OR PRIMARY.

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UPPER PALÆO- ZOIC. Age of Fishes, or Ichthyo- zoic Epoch.

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Permian.

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Upper, or Magnesian Limestone Series.

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Upper Red Marl and Sandstone

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Zechstein.

Upper Magnesian Limestone

Lower Red Marl and Sandstone

Lower Magnesian Limestone

Lower, or Rothliegende.

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Red Marl, Sandstone, Breccia, Röthe-liegende, and Conglomerate.

Carboniferous Series. Age of Plants, or Phytozoic Epoch.

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England.

Scotland.

Coal Measures

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Upper Coal Measures

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Upper Coal Measures.

Middle Coal Measures

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Pennant Grit

Lower Coal Measures

Gannister Beds

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Millstone Grit or Farewell Rock

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Moor Rock.

Carboni- ferous, or Mountain Limestone.

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Upper Limestone Shale (Yoredale Rocks)

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Upper Limestones. Edge Coals Series. Lower Limestones.

Carboniferous Limestone

Lower Limestone Shale

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Sandstones, Shales, and Burdie House Limestone.

Old Red Sandstone and Devonian.

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Old Red Sandstone, or Devonian Beds.

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Upper Devonian or Barnstaple and Marwood Beds, with Petherwin Limestone, in N.E. Cornwall.

Middle Devonian or Ilfracombe Beds, with Fossiliferous Limestones and Cornstones.

Lower Devonian, or Lynton Beds.

Wales and Central England.

Lake District.

LOWER PALÆO- ZOIC. Age of Crusta- ceans ond Molluscs, or Malacozoic Epoch.

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Silurian.

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Upper Silurian.

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Tilestones (Passage Beds)

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Kirkby Moor Flags.

Ludlow Beds

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Upper Ludlow Beds (with Bone Bed)

Aymestry Limestone

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Bannisdale Beds.

Lower Ludlow Beds

Wenlock Beds

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Wenlock Limestone

Wenlock Shale, Sandstone, and Flags

Woolhope Limestone and Shale

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Coniston Grits and Flags. Stockdale Slates.

Denbighshire Grits, Shales, Slates, and Flags

Tarannon Shale (Pale Slates).

Llandovery Beds

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Upper Llandovery Rocks. (May Hill Sandstone). (Pentamerus Beds).

Lower Llandovery Rocks.

Lower Silurian.

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Caradoc, or Bala Beds.

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Caradoc and Bala Beds.

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Coniston Limestone, Bala (Limestone and Shale) Skiddaw Slates.

(Sandstones often shelly, with Bala Limestone, Shale, and Slate)

Llandeilo

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Llandeilo Flags and Limestone, &c.

Tremadoc Slates.

Lingula Beds

Lingula Flags. (Primordial Zone of Barrande).

EOZOIC.

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Cambrian.

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Cambrian

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Harlech Grits, &c.

Purple Slates and Grits (St. David's).

Llanberis Grits and Slates.

Longmynd Rocks.

Red Sandstone and Conglomerate (Scotland).

Laurentian

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Fundamental Gneiss of the Outer Hebrides and of the N.W. coast of Scotland, &c., containing the oldest known fossil, Eozoon Canadense.

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INDEX.

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^*_*^* ITALICS ARE WOODCUT ILLUSTRATIONS.